Modern Speech: Births and Species

Speech from ancient times was considered an effective method of influencing people. Its foundations originated in Ancient Greece, when people demonstrated their works, speaking on the agora or in ancient theaters. Since then, this art has undergone some changes that relate to the performance of speech, but its purpose and main structure are also appreciated at the present time.

Basics of oratory

There are several rhetorical canons on which the construction of speech occurs. They are relevant not only in public speeches, but also in everyday life, during ordinary conversation. Following them, a person can competently express their thoughts, which will be available to others.

• The first stage is the inventory. Here, the speaker selects the material, which will then be processed (comprehended) and will be demonstrated. It is at this, first, stage of speech construction that the object of illumination is allocated, i.e. What the author will talk about.
• The second stage is disposition. Here the object becomes a concept, it is included in the system of other knowledge. During this period, a compositional diagram of the performance is formed, logical connections between the objects of analysis are singled out. Thus, the disposition serves as a guarantor of the correct conceptual apparatus of speech.
• The third stage is elocution. Here the author draws the selected concepts into a verbal form. Verbalization can occur through illogical methods, which often become the main instrument of influence: tropes and figures.
• The fourth stage is the action. Here the author works out the future performance, taking into account the intonation of the voice, pauses and the very pronunciation of words. Also at this stage, gestures and facial expressions are defined, which will allow to harmoniously convey information and correctly influence the audience.
• The fifth stage is a memorial. Now the speaker needs to remember his speech in order to quickly orient himself in what he intends to say.

Births and types of speech

Modern rhetoric has several genera and types of eloquence. They depend on the area for which the speech is intended, the situation in which it is implemented, as well as topics and forms. The genus is the broadest concept, it is defined depending on the object of speech, the purpose, the form and the situation. Oratory speech can be classified into several genera. Namely:

• Academic;
• Socio-political;
• Spiritual;
• Social and domestic;
• Judicial.

Oratory speech, depending on the genus, is classified into species. They specify the area, situation and audience of the speech.

Academic speech is presented by lectures (school or university), scientific reports, reviews, reports, as well as speeches on popular science topics. For these species is characterized by information saturation, a minimum of the use of expressive expressions, as well as the operation of facts. The presentation is based on an accessible language for a wide audience with the absence of unnecessarily specific concepts, the meaning of which may not be known to listeners.

The judicial oratorical speech is represented by two types: prosecutorial and lawyer. They are characterized by emotional saturation, which is necessarily reinforced by arguments.

Socio-political speech has many kinds, the most common of them - agitators and rally speech, which in democratic states can often be heard on the eve of elections. Also to this kind of public speeches are diplomatic, parliamentary, military-patriotic speech and report. They are characterized by expressive vocabulary, unexpected comparisons in combination with statistical data and other objective facts.

The social and everyday genus of the performance is represented by 5 types: jubilee speech, welcome, table, tomb and reception. They are characterized by emotional exclamations and personal evaluations.

Spiritual speech has two types: preaching and church (official). They are full of Old Slavism, they are instructive in nature and are not necessarily based on concrete facts.

Thus, there are many kinds and kinds of public speech. They, in turn, are divided into genres, which determine the volume and style of the text. However, regardless of the type and genre of the speech, it should contain useful and accessible information, and the author should have a good command of facial expressions, gestures and voice in order to correctly and effectively convey what he intends to say.