Lomonosov: works. Names of scientific works of Lomonosov. Lomonosov's scientific works in chemistry, economics, literature

The first world-famous Russian natural scientist, educator, poet, founder of the famous theory of "three calm", which subsequently gave impetus to the formation of the Russian literary language, historian, artist - such was Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. His works are like a blazing fire in the darkness of impenetrable darkness. After all, he managed to shed light on the existing gaps in the system of national education, making it primarily available not only to representatives of the upper classes, but also to the peasants. Today, Lomonosov's well-known works are translated into many languages and are used in many fields. So, what works of Lomonosov are known?

Chemistry

Mikhail Vasilievich was an ardent opponent of the irrational approach to the study of chemical phenomena. He was skeptical about the sciences of the past, who had not received a reasonable explanation. In addition, he was against the theory of "weightless fluids" and the value that was given to her in explaining all sorts of physico-chemical phenomena of the time.

Mikhail Vasilievich began to study chemical research in his student years. He was the first who presented chemistry in his works in the form of science, not art. Most of the research he carried out in a laboratory built by his decree.

According to Lomonosov, a true chemist must fulfill two roles: both theorist and practitioner. In other words, to find application of their hypotheses in relevant practical activities. According to his corpuscular philosophy, he subdivided chemical substances into so-called "beginnings", "compound" and "mixed".

After receiving the required drugs, in 1744, Lomonosov conducted a long series of studies on the splitting of salts and metals. The dissolution processes he divided were divided into two groups: with isolation and absorption of heat. After all, as already known, the process of dissolution of metals in acid is characterized by the release of heat, and in the process of dissolving salts in water, on the contrary, it is absorbed.

Lomonosov himself described the processes of dissolution from the mechanical positions inherent in his epoch. It is also important to note that he described his observations very precisely, controlling the chemical processes with a microscope with a 360-fold magnification.

Carrying out experiments on the splitting of salts in water served as a prerequisite for the appearance of the so-called solvation phenomenon in aqueous solutions (hydration). On the basis of this phenomenon, when interacting with water, the salt breaks up into ions, and they, in turn, are closely surrounded by the macromolecules of water adjoining them.

After a while he releases the doctrine "On metallic brilliance", and a few later - "On the birth and nature of saltpetre."

MV Lomonosov assumed that in chemistry there are two groups of special qualities of chemical bodies. To the first group, he included bodies that are constantly dependent on the possible interweaving of particles, to the second group - their color, crystal, taste, smell and other qualities.

Also, these scientists have studied the theory, on the basis of which, any color (except black) can be divided into three - yellow, red and blue.

Despite the large number of physical and chemical experiments conducted by him , most of them remained unfinished. In all likelihood, the reason for this was the unique versatility of the scientist.

Lomonosov's scientific works in chemistry contributed to the formation of the necessary basis for subsequent observations. His merits in the field of physical chemistry served to form this science in Russia. Lomonosov's scientific works in chemistry contributed to such a shift in the development of this science that even after a time, the personality of the scientist is paid much attention by followers.

But his main achievement was the promotion of chemical literacy. The most vivid example of such a slogan is "The Word on the Benefits of Chemistry", read by him at the Academic Assembly in 1751.

Physics

He was rightfully considered the "father" of Russian physics. The methods and methodological views of Lomonosov had a distinctive feature. Unlike most comrades-in-arms, he widely used hypotheses in research and was the first to identify the presence in nature of molecular and atomistic particles of a substance.

Even in his student years, he became interested in physics, or rather - in the theory of the structure of matter. In any science he was attracted mainly to fundamental aspects that have a philosophical character.

Lomonosov first proposed the existence of a so-called absolute zero temperature. Then, with the introduction of such a measuring instrument as a scales, he managed to substantiate the fallacy of the opinion on the increase in the specific weight of metals during their burning. This was MV Lomonosov. His scientific works largely laid a good foundation for the development of modern physics.

It was he who for the first time formulated the assumption about the interconnection of electric and light phenomena, about vertical currents as sources of atmospheric pressure, about the electrical origin of the polar aurora.

The works of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov on physics became a significant contribution to this science. He devoted much time to analyzing and explaining the nature of light phenomena, as well as the doctrine of color formation. The first who made attempts to determine the relationship between the processes existing in nature was MV Lomonosov. His works contributed to a tangible shift in the development of almost all areas of physics.

He devoted much time to the study of electrical phenomena. At that time, the question of the existence of static electricity was almost never raised. Representations of associates about the relation to electricity as to the inexplicable mythical fluid flowing into an electrified vessel were not to the liking of the materialist Lomonosov. The scientist approached the explanation of the phenomenon of electricity in the same way as in the interpretation of the phenomenon of light and heat. Lomonosov wrote several works devoted to the study of atmospheric and static electricity.

But these well-known works of Lomonosov did not stop there. We can not fail to mention his molecular-kinetic theory of heat, which is based on the theory of the organization of matter from atoms and molecules. In more detail, it is described in his essay "Reflections on the cause of heat and cold."

MV Lomonosov solved such questions about the nature of physical phenomena. The works and researches of the scientist on the part of physics served to the fact that at the beginning of the twentieth century physics became the leading science in the field of natural science.

The first Russian astrophysicist

Interest in celestial phenomena arose in Lomonosov even in his early childhood, when he observed the majestic pictures of the polar lights. He glorified himself as the first Russian astrophysicist, the founder of scientific astronomical expeditions.

Already in the first years of his professional career, he brought to the world many discoveries in the astronomical field. Carefully observed the motion of the planets of the solar system in the astronomical observatory, studied sunspots, comets and other celestial objects, such was the famous astrophysicist Lomonosov. His scientific works are still very popular among astronomical researchers to this day.

One of the most unique achievements of Mikhail Vasilyevich in astronomy was the identification of climate on Venus. This discovery was the result of finite observations of scientists of the rarest phenomenon - the advancement of Venus over the disk of the Sun. His scientific report was called: "The phenomenon of Venus on the Sun, observed in the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences Maya, 26 days, 1761".

A few later he vouched for the preparation of these observations and the further departure to Siberia of two astronomical expeditions. Astronomers of most European countries were preparing to contemplate this rare phenomenon. In the light of these events, the Academy of Sciences took part for the first time in an event of this magnitude. Lomonosov also conducted a series of independent observations in his observatory.

The discovery of the atmosphere on Venus became a prerequisite for the further development of astrophysical science in Russia.

Metallurgy, Mineralogy and Mining

The main works of Lomonosov, written on mountain craft, were a unique guide for mining workers.

The earthquake in Portugal, which claimed the lives of over eighty thousand people, prompted him to study the causes and effects of earthquakes. In his writings, he detailed the most complicated process of development of the earth's surface. Sudden movements of the earth's crust, in his opinion, could have been caused by natural causes - earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides - and other severe natural disasters. The names of Lomonosov's scientific works on ore business are familiar to every miner or metallurgist. For example, the well-known "Word of the birth of metals from the shaking of the earth".

In his works he systematized and described the already existing hypotheses about the extraction and smelting of metals. It was they who at one time had published the manual "The First Foundations of Metallurgy, or Ore Mining." This teaching rightfully served as a significant finding in the study of the mining industry. He improved the already well-known principles of mining, worked on the development of new machines and mechanisms.

Lomonosov dreamed of conducting large-scale research activities involving other scientific representatives of our country. On the basis of this, scientists everywhere began to send all kinds of samples of ores and minerals. In short, about one hundred and twenty Russian plants participated in the selection of samples necessary for the study.

To my great regret, Lomonosov was unable to realize what he had planned. This his work was safely completed only after the lapse of years of Academician VM Severgin, and a unique mineral was subsequently named the Lomonosovite in honor of its discoverer.

Optics

Lomonosov has designed and constructed more than ten inventions in the field of optics. He gave himself completely to science. Lomonosov did not stop, and until the end of his days engaged in the production of instruments for night observation.

MV Lomonosov was the first to design and build an optical batoscope. His works always aroused great interest among the public. Also, the mechanism of the horizonoscope, a large device for observing far-away objects on a horizontal surface, designed by him, was not ignored.

The technology of production of colored glass was also described by MV Lomonosov. These works were subsequently used in the industry for the brewing of colored glass, as well as for the manufacture of parts from it. The manufacture of glass was one of Lomonosov's chief predilections. Comprehending the sacraments of this material, Lomonosov never thought to use the results of his research for personal purposes. Mikhail Vasilievich wanted to share the fruits of his work with the people as soon as possible, to bring them to the benefit of the state.

Lomonosov was a talented inventor and instrument-builder, the founder of Russian theoretical optics. His works gave impetus to the further development of optical science in Russia.

Linguistics, Philology

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Russian language was full of foreign and Church Slavonic words, colloquial speech. Lomonosov was always concerned with his purity and impeccability. A lot of time he devoted to the description of his literary canons. The works of Lomonosov in the literature gave birth to the notorious "Rhetoric", the publication of which was an important cultural event of the time. In this work, the linguistic scientist mentioned that the lecturer who is in front of the audience should pay attention to the age of the listeners, their gender identity, upbringing and the level of education. The very performance of the rhetoric should be understandable, informative, reasoned and emotional. "Rhetoric" was presented in a simple language and was intended for the general public.

Another colossal work by Lomonosov, entitled "Russian Grammar," was the first of its kind to study the grammar of the Russian language. The first person who made attempts to identify the articulatory norms of the Russian language was Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. His works were aimed at increasing the importance of the native language, concentrating the spiritual heritage.

While still a student, he wrote the essay "A Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry," where he described the basics of Russian versification, examined certain forms of poetry and sizes.

A later and mature work entitled "The Preface on the Benefits of Books of the Church in the Russian Language" examines Lomonosov's teaching of the "Three Calms", which includes "high, mediocre and low calm". Everyone has a certain literary genre:

• Poems on heroism, ode, solemn speeches correspond to a high "calm";
• Theatrical scenarios, friendly letters - average;
• Low "calm" characterizes direct everyday conversations, songs, ballads.

Lomonosov is rightly considered the creator of the Russian scientific and technical terminology base. Scientists have introduced many new formulations, created a style of scientific explanation of the material. Lomonosov's works in the field of literature are very diverse: they are poems, odes, solemn speeches, tragedies and much more. The poetic heritage is occupied for the most part by the ode written in honor of an event or person.

Geography and meteorology

Lomonosov awoke interest in geography at the beginning of his professional career. For many decades he was interested in the Northern Sea Route and the possibility of studying it. In the manual entitled "A brief description of the various trips to the northern seas and an indication of the possible passage of the Siberian Ocean to Eastern India", he gives a description of this passage and independently prepares his plan.

Lomonosov even promised to supply the members of the expedition with the necessary adaptations, tools, but he was not destined to see the results of the expedition. The expedition took place in 1765, when Mikhail Vasilyevich was no longer alive.

Travel in the polar ice, according to Lomonosov, always prevented the "ice mountains in the northern seas", which for a long time worried the scientist. They were presented with characteristics of polar ice, explained possible causes. These arguments and to this day seem significant. Inspired by the possibility of comprehending the Northern Sea Route, the geographer undertook the mapping of the Arctic Ocean.

Most of his assumptions were confirmed only two hundred years later. Lomonosov foresaw the location of the underwater ridge, which was subsequently found and investigated. Subsequently, this ridge is named after its discoverer.

Inestimable contribution to the formation of the domestic "physics of the atmosphere" Lomonosov. Proceedings on the "Phenomena of air, from the electrical power of what is happening" talk about possible meteorological phenomena. With special respect, Mikhail Vasilievich was referring to forecasts of weather forecasters, insisted on the necessity of establishing a network of weather stations.

History

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, interest in Russian history began to grow in Russia. MV Lomonosov played an important role in the development of historical teaching.

He was interested in the further development of the Old Russian state. Having studied the sources and modern periodicals on time, Lomonosov questioned the historians' assumptions that the foundation of our state was laid by the Normans.

Lomonosov believed that outsiders were Slavs, and the great-power state began with them. Mikhail Vasilyevich expressed his assertion that the Russian-speaking people, even before Rurik came to power, made a long way of developing and developing an original culture.

In 1751, Lomonosov set to work on a large-scale study "Ancient Russian History." Part one was published only after his death and was soon translated into many languages.

In 1760, taking as a basis for the annals and other significant historical documents, Mikhail Vasilievich issued a "Brief Russian chronicler with genealogy", containing a list of noisy epoch-making events, from the reign of Rurik and to the death of Peter the Great.

Mikhail Vasilyevich loved his homeland, he sacredly believed in the strength and unity of his great people.

Lomonosov's works in economics

Lomonosov was one of those who saw Russia as a state with an abundant culture and a high level of education. Such a state, according to the reformer, must be in constant change, it must tirelessly stride forward, move towards the development of a strong and independent power.

He showed the greatest interest in relation to metallurgy and the ore industry. Among other things, Lomonosov showed considerable interest in the development of agriculture and advocated the growth of population.

The material welfare of the Russian state, in Lomonosov's opinion, depends entirely on the fulfillment of his economic functions.

Mikhail Lomonosov's special works in economics have been poorly preserved, which greatly complicates the study of his economic views.

Based on the existing work, it can be concluded that Lomonosov's main focus was on studying the Russian economy. For the benefit of society was developed a full-fledged economic strategy of the state, illustrated by a set of practical guidelines.

It is for him, Lomonosov, we should be grateful for the emergence of such discipline as "Economic Geography". Throughout his professional career, Lomonosov followed the traditions of the Russian economic school, significantly enriched and strengthened its provisions, despite the fact that many of Lomonosov's major works did not exert the necessary influence on contemporaries. Nevertheless, the economic ideas laid down in the works of the great scientist, and today are subject to further comprehension.

In conclusion

"Loud" names of Lomonosov's works are known to each of his followers from one or another scientific field. His messages reflect the strength, unity and wisdom of the Russian people. Lomonosov was known as an innovator who made an outstanding contribution to various fields of knowledge - from natural sciences to astronomy. During his lifetime, his works were translated into many languages. Mikhail Vasilievich strove to serve for the good of the people. Many of his inventions and research served as a solid foundation for the development of today's science as a whole.