Green-Vermilion index. Index of oral hygiene. Clinical examination at the dentist

Do you know how to clean the tongue correctly? If you dream of having a dazzling smile, you need to learn how to care for the cavity of your mouth. Now we will try to teach you this.

Hygienic index

Hygienic index of Green-Vermilion allows to estimate the size of tartar and plaque separately. Six teeth are studied for its determination: 31, 11, 16, 26 - vestibular planes, and 36, 46 - lingual. Plaque can be assessed using color solutions ("Fuchsin", Schiller-Pisarev, "Erythrosine") or visually.

There are the following codes and criteria for dental plaque :

• 0 - there are no layers;
• 1 - soft dental plaque covering not more than 1/3 of the tooth plane, or the presence of any number of colored deposits (brown, green, etc.).
• 2 - thin layering, located at less than 2/3, but more than 1/3 of the surface of the molar;
• 3 - soft plaque occupying more than 2/3 of the tooth plane.

The definition of sub- and supragingival molar stone is performed using a dentist probe.

What else is the Green-Vermillion index good? Evaluation of dental calculi (criteria and codes) is as follows:

• 0 - concrements are not available;
• 1 - supragingival deposit, covering not more than 1/3 of the tooth plane;
• 2 - the formation located above the gum, covering less than 2/3, but more than 1/3 of the tooth plane, or the presence of separate growths in its cervical region;
• 3 - supragingival layering covering more than 2/3 of the tooth plane, or large deposits of stone located near its neck.

The Green-Vermilion index is calculated by adding the values produced for each of its elements by dividing by the number of planes studied and folding both quantities.

Cliche

The formula for calculation is as follows:

IGR-y = sum of plaque values / number of planes + sum of stone values / number of surfaces.

The interpretation of the index (values of IGR-y level of medicine) suggests the following:

• 0.0-1.2 - perfect;
• 1,3-3,0 - allowable;
• 3,1-6,0 - low.

The Green-Vermilion index has the following values of the standards of dental plaque:

• 0,0-0,6 - irreproachable;
• 0,7-1,8 - tolerable;
• 1.9-3.0 - nasty.

KPI indices

What are the indices of oral hygiene? One of the basic dental coefficients (CPU) demonstrates the intensity of decay. Letter "K" means the number of damaged teeth, "P" - the number of sealed, "Y" - the number of teeth to be removed or discarded. The sum of these quantities gives an idea of the development of the decay process in a particular person.

There are three types of coefficient of CPU:

• KPMU - the number of carious and cured teeth in the subject;
• KPU planes (KPUP) - the number of destroyed faces;
• KPUpol - the sum of seals and carious cavities.

For non-permanent teeth, the following indicators are used:

• KP - the number of broken and healed teeth of a short-term occlusion;
• KP - the sum of rotten planes;
• CAT - the number of carious cavities and seals.

Lost due to physical changes or removed teeth in a non-permanent bite are not taken into account. At children at change of a teeth two factors simultaneously are used: КПУ and КП. To determine the total intensity of the disease, both degrees are summarized. KPU from 6 to 10 confirms high intensity of putrefaction, 3-5 - moderate, 1-2 - low.

These standards do not show a real picture, because they have such shortcomings:

• Take into account both the removed teeth, and cured;
• Can in the course of time only increase and with age they begin to reproduce past carious lesions;
• Do not allow for the accounting of initial destruction.

Serious shortcomings

Significant deficiencies in KPIU and KPUP indicators include their uncertainty with increasing rotting due to the formation of new depressions in the cured teeth, loss of seals, the emergence of secondary caries and similar factors.

The multiplicity of caries is shown as a percentage. To do this, the composition of persons who have found this disease (except for demineralization of focal), divide by the number studied in this team and multiply by one hundred.

In order to assess the exaggeration of tooth decay in a particular region, such estimated conditions of prevalence among twelve-year-olds are used:

• Low intensity level - 0-30%;
• Relative - 31-80%
• Large - 81-100%.

CPITN index

Evaluation of the hygienic state of the oral cavity occurs by means of different indices. Consider the coefficient CPITN. It is used in clinical practice for monitoring and examining the condition of periodontal disease. With the help of this index, only those signs that can begin to develop in the opposite direction (tartar, gum disease, judged by bleeding) are recorded, and irreversible changes (mobility of teeth, recession of the gums, loss of epithelial attachment) are not taken into account.

With CPITN, the process activity is not fixed. This coefficient is not used for planning of healing. Its most important advantage is the speed of detection, information, simplicity and the possibility of comparing the results. The need for healing is determined on the basis of such signs:

• The X or 0 code means that there is no need to treat the patient;
• 1 indicates that a person should better care for the cavity of his mouth;
• 2 means that it is necessary to eliminate the factors affecting the retention of dental plaque and to produce professional hygiene;
• Code 3 indicates the indispensable hygiene of the oral cavity and curettage, which usually reduces inflammation and reduces the depth of the pocket to values less than or equal to 3 mm;
• 4 means that adequate hygiene of the mucous membrane of the mouth is needed, as well as deep curettage. In this case, cumulative treatment is required.

PMA

So, we continue to find out what the hygiene index is. To determine the severity of gingivitis, the alveolar-papillary-marginal index (PMA) is used. There are several types of this indicator, but the most common is the PMA coefficient in the Parma modification. The presence of teeth (with the preservation of the unity of the dentition) is taken into account in accordance with the age: 15 years and older - 30 teeth, 6-11 years old - 24, 12-14 years old - 28. Normally, the PMA coefficient is zero.

Children's hygiene

What is the Fedorov-Volodkina index? Using it, you can determine whether the patient is good at monitoring his teeth. This indicator should be used to assess the condition of the mouth in children up to 5-6 years. To establish it, study the labrum of six teeth.

With the help of special solutions, the teeth are stained and the presence of the plaque on them is evaluated. The definition of sub- and supragingival stones is carried out using a dentist probe. The calculation of the coefficient is made up of the numbers obtained for each of its elements divided by the number of planes studied, with the subsequent folding of both values.

Norm

The Fedorov-Volodkina index (1968) is still used today in our country.

First, the potassium-iodine-iodide solution stains the labial surface of the six anterior lower teeth. The hygienic index is determined by the intensity of the resulting color, then it is evaluated using a five-point method and is calculated by the formula Kcp = (ΣKu) / n, where:

• Кср - the general hygienic factor of clearing;
• Ku is a healthy indicator of cleaning one tooth;
• N is the number of teeth.

The coloring of the entire crown plane means 5 points; 3/4 - 4; 1/2 - 3; 1/4 - 2 points; Lack of color - 1. Normally, a healthy indicator should not exceed 1.

PHP

And what are the indices of oral hygiene? The efficiency factor (PHP) is very common. For a total assessment of the plaque, paint six teeth. The index is calculated by determining the code for each tooth by summing the codes of each zone. Next, the codes of all inspected teeth are added and the resulting amount is divided by the number of teeth.

Aesthetic indicator

The hygiene index is widely used by dentists. To determine the status of bite, an aesthetic dental indicator is used. It fixes the position of the teeth and the structure of the occlusion in the transversal, vertical and sagittal directions. It has been used since the age of 12.

Inspection

And what are the indicators of evaluation of the results of clinical examination by a dentist? It is known that a comprehensive survey of residents involves a method of protecting their health, consisting of ensuring the conditions for their perfect physical development, preventing illnesses through the implementation of appropriate sanitary and hygienic, preventive-curative and social measures.

The purpose of medical examination is to strengthen and preserve the health of people, increase the length of their lives.

Medical examination is designed to solve such problems:

• Annual analysis of the person's well-being;
• Comprehensive monitoring of patients;
• Combating bad habits, identifying and eliminating the causes of damage to teeth;
• Active and timely holding of health-improving measures;
• Increasing the effectiveness and quality of medical assistance to the population through the continuity and interrelated work of all types of institutions, the large-scale participation of doctors of different professions, the introduction of technical support, new unifying forms, the creation of mechanical systems for examining the electorate with the development of special programs.

Observing children

By calculating the Green-Vermillion index, doctors can create dispensary observation groups for babies:

• 1st group - children who have no pathologies;
• 2 nd group - actually healthy kids who have a history of a chronic or acute disease that does not affect the function of the most important organs;
• The third group - children with chronic ailments with a balanced, sub- and decompensated their flow.

In conducting a dental examination of babies, three phases are noted:

• In the first phase of the examination, each child is individually registered, an additional examination in the hospital, then the outpatient observation group is determined, the endurance of each baby is evaluated and the order of the examinations is indicated.
• In the second one, a contingent is formed in the groups of supervision, uniform conditions for the stage and continuity of study are assigned, the dispensary patients are proportionally divided between doctors, the needs of the surveyed contingents in inpatient and outpatient care are met.
• In the third - doctors determine the frequency and nature of active supervision of each child, adjust diagnostic and treatment measures in accordance with changes in health status, evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance.

Of great importance is the organization of educational work to prevent dental diseases in children and create motivation for caring for newly appeared teeth.

Examination of pregnant women

In order to achieve the maximum effect in the prevention of dental diseases, it is necessary to coordinate the work of the dentist and gynecologist, as well as the prophylactic examination of women throughout the gestation period. In the dentist's office, doctors conduct:

• Sanitation of the oral cavity;
• Assistance in the selection of basic and additional hygiene products, training in rational oral care;
• Professional hygiene;
• Remineralizing therapy, which increases the resistance of tooth enamel.

Prophylaxis of caries

The definition of the Green-Vermilion index plays an important role in the prevention of dental diseases of expectant mothers, which is designed to solve two problems: preventing the development of intrauterine caries in toddlers and improving the dental status of women.

It is known that the health of the mother influences the process of laying the baby's teeth, which begins on the 6-7th week of pregnancy. Doctors determined that with various pathologies in the fetus, the mineralization of tooth enamel is slowed down, and sometimes stops at the stage of primary calcification. In the postpartum period, it can resume, but will not reach the standard level.

A woman already in the early stages of pregnancy deteriorates the condition of hard dental tissues and periodontal due to unsatisfactory hygienic condition of the oral cavity. That's why she must carry out preventive measures until the baby is born. Doctors advise women to adhere to the correct mode of work and rest, to exercise vitamin therapy and fully eat.

Toothstone

The surface of the tooth is sensitive to various effects. On it the stones are formed due to the following reasons:

• Violation of the chewing process;
• Habit of snacks and the use of an impressive number of carbonated beverages and carbohydrates;
• The reception of mostly soft food;
• Diseases of internal organs;
• Smoking and alcohol abuse.

The composition of the supra- and subgingival stones differ slightly from each other. The former is dominated by calcium carbonate, magnesium and calcium phosphate. In addition, he is very firm. The second is formed from plaque, which contains a large number of food residues, epithelial cells, mucus, bacteria, bound viscous saliva.

Why clean the mouth? With her help prevent the formation of concrements. Doctors recommend regularly visiting the dentist and using dental floss, flawless pastes and high-quality brushes. Toothpicks and mouthwashes can also be used.

Language

And now we'll figure out how to clean the tongue. If there is no plaque on this organ, your digestive system is healthy. Ever since Hippocrates, doctors have asked the patient to show the tongue. It is known that an impressive amount of slag is expelled from the body through its surface. If bacteria accumulate in a language, they become toxic.

On this organ are numerous papillae, irregularities and fossa, among which the tiny particles of provisions are stuck. That's why language is the focus of bacteria. They are transferred with saliva to the teeth, and then there is a hideous smell from the mouth - halitosis.

If a person cleanses his tongue regularly, infection in his body becomes more complicated, the sensitivity of taste buds increases, gingivitis, digestive tract disorder, periodontitis, caries are prevented.

This body needs to be scraped by everyone, especially smokers and those who have a "geographical" language, on the surface of which there are deep folds and furrows.

Care of the tongue is carried out after the teeth are cleaned and the mouth is flushed. First, the bacteria are removed by sweeping steps (from the base to the tip) on one half of the organ, and then on the other. Then cross the tongue with a brush 3-4 times, apply the paste on it and gently scrape the organ from the root to the edge. Then you need to rinse your mouth, apply the gel again and hold it for 2 minutes. After these manipulations, you can wash everything off with water.

Cleaning of the tongue is a necessary component of hygiene. Eliminate plaque, mucus, the remains of food, adversely affecting the surface of the tooth, preferably a special scraper or brush (you can soft). Disinfecting gel applied to the scraper, fills the lumens between the filamentous papillae. During liquefaction, it actively releases oxygen, which has a powerful antibacterial effect on the anaerobic microflora of the oral cavity. If you periodically perform this procedure, the formation of dental plaque will decrease by 33%.

Rinse the mouth

Many patients ask: "How to rinse your mouth?" If your gums are inflamed, you can use antimicrobial (antiseptic) and anti-inflammatory drugs. Antiseptic drugs act on pathogenic bacteria that cause suppuration. Anti-inflammatory drugs have almost no effect on viruses, but they can slow the development of the disease.

So than rinse your mouth if your gum has become inflamed? Doctors recommend:

• With periodontitis or gingivitis, use both types of drugs, although antimicrobial agents will be more effective.
• When inflammation of the socket of the removed tooth, antiseptic agents should be used, for example, "Chlorhexidine".

If you always wash your hands before eating and then brush your teeth and tongue, you will have a sparkling smile for years to come.