Fire tactics: definition, methods and features

In this article we will talk about science, studying how the fires themselves, their sources, progression, and ways, the laws of the struggle with the fiery element. The name of this discipline is fire tactics. Let us dwell in more detail on its terms, problems, methods, algorithms, and consider the main formulas of the course.

Definition of discipline

Fire tactics is a science that studies the patterns of the spread of fires, as well as methods of combating them, ways of saving people. The subjects of consideration here are two - preparation of the brigade for suppression and direct extinguishment of the fire.

The main direction of the work of researchers within the discipline is the identification of certain patterns of effective preparations for extinguishing, the very process of fighting fire and rescuing the victims. Accordingly, the goal of fire tactics will be the development of fast and effective methods of extinguishing fires.

This discipline is intended to accompany in the scientific and methodological plan the actions of the fire brigade to save people and fight against fire.

Main tasks of the discipline

Firefighting tactics of extinguishing fires pursues the following tasks:

• Study of certain regularities of the progression of a fire.
• Acquaintance with the algorithm of actions both for extinguishing the fire, and conducting accompanying rescue operations.
• Development of the most successful methods of organizing the work of fire brigade.
• Improving the preparation, both tactical and psychological, of the entire garrison involved - both the rank and file and the leader.

Purpose of creation, methodology

The fire safety of citizens of the Russian Federation is the purpose of the creation of the fire service, and its ilk and the development of the foundations of fire tactics. The latter is divided into fire prevention and control, and the second component is to prepare for action and, in fact, to extinguish the fire. Fire tactics is designed to determine the basic vectors of training and training future firefighters, and to regulate the brigade's actions directly in the "battle."

With the methodology for preventing fires, you can thoroughly read the provisions of GOST 12.1.004-91. The methods of fighting fire are discussed in more detail below. First of all, we will get acquainted with the basic terms used by any training manual on fire tactics.

Basic terminology of the discipline

A fire is any uncontrolled combustion, the scale of which can extend to the destruction of material values and creating a danger to people's lives. It is characterized by its four main parameters:

• Intensity of burning;
• Area of distribution;
• Speed of fire propagation;
• Duration of burning.

The focus of the fire is the location of the most intense burning. It is characterized by a continuous:

• The release of heat sufficient to sustain combustion;
• Fuel / fuel supply;
• Supply of air or other oxidant.

The localization of a fire is a method of combating it, limiting the area of burning. Extinguishing is already the elimination of a fire, the final stage of which will be the complete cessation of burning.

Localization, and then eliminate the focus of fire on the tactic in the fire protection can be two ways - cooling the combustion materials to a temperature at which their ignition is impossible, or by dividing the reactive components. For these purposes, special fire extinguishing agents are used, which are divided into three types:

• Cooling - water or various aqueous solutions;
• Diluting reacting substances - sprayed droplets of water or water vapor, inert gases;
• Isolating from the burning location - special extinguishing powders, foams - chemical and air-mechanical, sheet materials, non-combustible powders, etc.

Tactics of the actions of fire departments

The algorithm is as follows:

1. Reception, processing of the message about the incident.
2. Departure brigade and its adherence to the place of fire.
3. Carry out reconnaissance at the scene.
4. A set of works aimed at extinguishing the fire.
5. Deployment of additional forces and means if necessary.
6. Complete elimination of the fire.
7. Necessary special work.
8. Brigade, equipment, return to the basing site of the garrison.

Now we will get acquainted with tactics, strategy and culture of fire reconnaissance.

Fire Intelligence

There are a number of strict requirements to fire intelligence - timeliness, reliability, activity, commitment and continuity. During it, the brigade must perform a set of tasks on which the success of the fire elimination depends:

• Identify the location of people, assess the threats to their lives and health, and outline the right ways to save the victims.
• Determine the possibility of manifestation of secondary hazards of ignition.
• Determination of locations, scales of ignition, combustion materials, velocity and paths of flame propagation.
• Find, if possible, the means and structures of fire protection in the affected area.
• Find electrical installations that are under voltage, determine the possibility and ways to disconnect them from power.
• Conduct a brief analysis of the state of building structures, their strength and durability; To identify possible places for their disassembly or dissection.
• Determine whether the forces of the arrived brigade and equipment are sufficient to localize and eliminate the fire, whether a reinforcement call is needed.
• The choice of the decisive direction and peripheral ways of action.

Books on fire tactics in the section "Intelligence" further sharpen the attention of students on topics such as:

• Examination of smoke-filled spaces;
• Opening of construction and other structures for laying evacuation routes;
• A set of security measures for reconnaissance.

Fire Fighting Tactics

When the fires are localized, the main forces are directed at creating UT-extinguishing sections. They are divided according to their functional:

• For extinguishing;
• for guard;
• To save the victims, etc.

To successfully carry out the task facing the garrison arriving at the scene, it is necessary to choose the decisive vector of actions correctly. The principles of its definition are as follows:

• If there is a threat to the life or health of the victims, then the main direction of their work will be their salvation.
• If the progression of a fire can lead to an explosion or collapse, the fire brigade's forces concentrate on preventing this tragedy.
• If there is a threat of spreading the flame to the buildings and objects that have not yet been destroyed, the first thing the firefighters should do is to prevent this and help the injured person to receive minimal material damage.
• If there is no threat of spreading fire to other designs, the fire brigade throws its main forces on the localization of the most intense fires.
• If the structure enclosed by the fire does not represent material value, but there is a possibility that the flames will spread to neighboring buildings and structures, the garrison first of all stands up for protection against the fire of the latter.

When studying the theory of fire extinguishing, it is necessary to know the following:

• Methods of submission, work with various extinguishing agents;
• Ways of submitting to various locations - basements, burning surface, voids of overlapping, etc., trunks, supplying foam;
• Ways of laying sleeves;
• Features and rules of safety work in the smoky spaces.

Basic formulas of fire tactics

The following values are used for the fire area propagation prediction formulas:

Vl is the magnitude of the linear velocity of combustion propagation;

T _p - time of fire development;

T _lok - time of localization of ignition;

L _n is the path traversed by fire.

Let's present in the table the formulas determining the path passed by fire during the development of a fire.

To determine the path traveled by fire through free doorways - L _{dv / n} , the values apply:

L _n is the path of fire:

L _{pr / dv} - the projection of the gap from the center of the doorway to the epicenter of the fire on the vertical;

L _per - the distance from the epicenter of the fire to the wall, which changes the shape of the entire area of ignition.

If the doorway is in the fire area, when the doorway changes from angular to rectangular, the formula is used: L _{dv / n} = L _n - L _{pr / dv.}

If under the same conditions the doorway is in the incremental area of the fire, then a calculation is necessary for: L _{dv / n} = L _n - L _per.

Formulas for calculating fire extinguishing agents

The following values are used to calculate the required amount of extinguishing agents:

Q _тр - total amount of required substance;

Q _{tp / t} is the amount of substance necessary for extinguishing;

Q _{tp / s} is the amount of the substance necessary for protection;

S _n - area of the fire;

S _m - area of quenching;

I _m is the required intensity of the substance feed.

N _{t / tv} - the number of extinguishing appliances;

N _{з / ств} - number of trunks for protection;

_Qst - the flow of matter from one barrel.

In the textbooks, you can meet the tasks of fire tactics with solutions to these formulas:

• Q _mp = Q _{mp / m} + Q _{mp / s} ;
• Q _{mp / m} = S _n Х I _тр ;
• Q _{tp / m} = S _t x I _tp ;
• Q _{tp / s} = S _n x I _{s / tp} ;
• N _{t / ctv} = Q _{tp / t} / q _cc ;
• N _{з / ств} = Q _{тр / з} / q _{ств .}

The discipline examined by us is not only educational, but also practically used in the work of firefighting calculations. Successful possession of fire tactics helps to quickly carry out reconnaissance of the scene and build the correct algorithm of actions, minimizing the number of victims and material damage.