Elements of the Philemon painting. Technology painting Philemon toy

Filimonov's toy is a kind of national art crafts, with which our country is very rich. Its homeland is the Tula region, Odoyevsky district. The village of Filimonovo, where in the middle of the last century several craftsmen revived the traditions of the almost lost craft, gave it its name. There is also a legend about the runaway criminal Philemon, who was hiding in these places. He supposedly taught fellow villagers to sculpt figurines from clay.

The emergence of the fishery

Clay toys in these parts began to be made in the middle of the XIX century. But the glory of the craftsmanship of local potters spread long before that. As early as the 16th century, white clay mined here was used to make dishes. Fishing was rooted, whole dynasties appeared, specializing in pottery. Gradually there was an unwritten rule: the dishes were made exclusively by men. And the women took on the molding of toys and laid the foundation for the Filimonov painting.

A special form of Filimon's toy

Products odoyevskih masters are famous throughout the country for their thin, elegant forms. But very few people know that their appearance is not accidental. The fact is that the local clay has a very greasy and soft texture. During drying, it begins to crack and deform, so the master has to smooth and smooth the figures with wet hands. From this toys acquire disproportionate, elongated shapes, which makes them unusual and easily recognizable.

Filimonov's toy. Images, plots and painting

Conventionally, Filimonov toys can be divided into four thematic groups. Their features are presented in the table below.

Almost all Filimonov toys are whistles. The exception is roosters and turkeys.

Painting toys and Filimonov's palette

When firing local clay "blue" gives a beautiful and even white color, so priming the figures before applying the pattern is not required.

For painting, aniline paints are used, which have bright saturated colors. The number of shades is small: yellow, red, green. Nevertheless, the products are very colorful and cheerful.

The technology of painting the Filimonov toy is quite simple. Paints are applied consistently and never mix. Each new color is used only after the previous one has dried.

Traditional patterns

For different types of toys , different elements of the Filimon painting are used. In animals and birds, the chest is usually painted with one color, most often crimson or green. Then on the contour is applied a simple ornament consisting of multi-colored stripes, drops, twigs. The heads can also be covered in one color or remain white. Eyes are outlined schematically, they may not be at all.

The figures of people dressed very elegantly: the ladies - in lush bright skirts, the gentlemen - in mottled pants. Shirts of those and others are usually monophonic, with an ornament around the perimeter, depicting embroidered collars and wide belts. Their faces are white, their eyes are blue, their lips are red or crimson.

Symbols of Filimonov's patterns

A feature of the Filimonov toy, like any other Russian craft, is its symbolism. Ornaments look simple and unsophisticated. However, the patterns that are used in the Philemon painting, imply sacred for the Slavs images of the sun and wood.

Circles with divergent rays, as well as ring ornaments with multi-colored triangles are symbols of the sun, life and good.

Schematically depicted twigs, Christmas trees denote the tree of life, the continuity of generations, relentless growth.

The figurines are also very symbolic. Thus, the lady is associated with the shark, the keeper of the house and the home, the rider depicts the defending warrior or the family's fencer - the tiller, the bird - the symbol of happiness, the horse - the wealth, and so on.

History of the development of the fishery

XIX century - a time of great popularity of toy whistles and Philemon painting. This fishery was known throughout Russia and beyond. But at the beginning of the 20th century a period of crisis came. The craft was almost on the verge of extinction, there were only a few custodians who did not abandon their business.

In the middle of the last century interest in the art of Filimonov's painting began to gradually return, reaching a new peak in the 80's. At that time, through the efforts of several enthusiasts, a creative group was organized, which included the descendants of the crafts keepers and graduates of the art school from Abramtsevo.

Since the beginning of the 90s, a special course "Filimonovskaya toy" was opened in Odoyevskaya School of Arts. The technique of modeling, the mystery of the painting, the symbolism of Filimonov's patterns - these and other topics are covered by the husband and wife of Kehaidi. The training lasts 4 years. Graduates receive the title of masters.

In 2009, the opening of the Museum of the Filimonov toy was held, where materials are kept about the masters of the past, some examples of their works, as well as the best examples of the Filimonov craft.

Study of the fishery in the lessons of the IZO

It should be noted that classes on the Philemon painting are held in many schools in Russia. After all, fishing has not only local, but also all-Russian significance, demonstrating the richness and diversity of Russian culture.

Elements of painting children learn easily and with great interest. There are no patterns in it that are complicated in technique. Possessing a minimal set of skills and creative imagination, you can create unusually lively and vivid drawings.

The main thing that the teacher should explain is that the painting is done in several stages:

1. First, the figure is "yellow". The paint is applied to a white background with a thick brush. Individual parts of the toy can be completely painted in yellow, and you can cover with wide stripes and large circles. This is the basis for the whole subsequent drawing.
2. Then you should take a red or crimson paint and a thinner brush. A pattern is applied from the lines. Wide yellow stripes can be traced around the perimeter, and circles decorate with branches or rays.
3. The green, blue or turquoise color is applied last. To do this, use a thin brush. A pattern of lines, dots, and drops should fill the remaining free space.
4. It is worth paying attention to the fact that people have faces that are white, and animals can be painted with any paint. The eyes and mouth are depicted schematically.

This fishery is a part of the cultural heritage of our country. Along with the Dymkovo, Kargopol, Bogorodsky, Filimonov toys reflect the spirit of the Russian people, features of life and beliefs of the Slavs. It is no accident that foreign tourists like to buy them as souvenirs.