Bodies of Respiration of Some Living Organisms

The world of living beings that inhabit our planet is extremely diverse. Some of them live only in the aquatic environment, others have adapted part of life to carry water, and some - on land. And every kind of living organism is adapted to its habitat. The respiratory organs of animals are different, and their type and structure depend not only on where they live, but also on the complexity of the organism's arrangement.

The simplest and most primitive animals are unicellular animals, including, for example, amoeba, infusoria-shoe, sporoviki. Their respiratory organs are not formed. They breathe oxygen, which is dissolved in water. The latter, in turn, enters the body through the surface of the body with the help of osmosis.

In coelenterates (sponges, hydra, jellyfish, corals) that belong to multicellular animals, breathing also occurs through the surface of the body. This indicates the primitive features of coelenterates.

Most non- parasitic worms have dermal breathing, that is, oxygen penetrates through the skin, but the water ringworms have special respiratory organs - gills. In the gills, the dorsal cirrus or parapodia is transformed. Parasitic worms (flukes, round) do not have respiratory organs, their breathing is anaerobic.

The type of arthropod belongs to a large number of organisms that live in all environments, and therefore their respiratory organs are diverse. At ground arthropods (spiders, scorpions, insects) special respiratory organs are formed - pulmonary sacks, trachea, lungs.

Scorpions and primitive spiders breathe through the lungs. These are the indentations of the abdominal cavity, which are filled with hemolymph and contain numerous leaf-shaped plates. Through the walls of these plates there is a gas exchange, oxygen enters the pulmonary bag through the spiracles, which are on the abdomen. Most spiders have both lungs and trachea at the same time.

Trachea - a thin tube, piercing the entire body of the animal. With the help of holes, the trachea opens outward, on the first segment of the abdomen. The lungs have a primitive structure, and therefore the trachea is better adapted to breathing atmospheric oxygen.

The respiratory organs of insects are also tracheas that permeate the entire body. They seem to branch out, enveloping all the internal organs of the animal. Trachea ends with even thinner tubules - tracheoles, which penetrate into the cells. Tracheas of insects freely communicate with the environment, but at their ends they have closing devices, due to which the loss of water during flight of an insect is reduced.

Arthropods that inhabit water bodies (crayfish, crabs, daphnia, horseshoe) breathe with the help of skin gills. These gills are on the extremities of the animal and have a large number of thin plates through which the exchange of gases takes place. On land, the animal remains alive while these plates are wetted with water.

Bodies of respiration of mollusks can be gills and lungs. The lungs breathe terrestrial or freshwater gastropods. The mantle cavity of these snails in the process of evolution has turned into an easy one. This lung has a breathing hole that is connected to the environment and can be closed.

Freshwater gastropods breathe atmospheric air, for inhalation they rise to the surface of the water. The walls of the lung tightly braid the blood vessels, as here the blood is enriched with oxygen and carbon dioxide is released. Sea mollusks breathe with the help of gills. Gills are a trellis plate covered with ciliated epithelium. Using the cilia of the ciliated epithelium, water enters the mantle cavity. This water brings oxygen, which is oxidized in the gills. With oxygen, nutrients enter the body, and the decomposition products along with carbon dioxide are discharged through the siphon of the mantle cavity.