Architectural warrant: general information. The names of Greek architectural orders

Architectural warrant was widely used in the days of Antiquity. As a matter of fact, this is a beam-and-beam construction, supplemented by certain expressive elements. The architectural warrant, general information about which was set forth in the tract of Vitruvius as far back as the 1st century BC, was applied in ancient Greece during the construction of temples and formed the image of the buildings of this country recognized today.

Essential elements

Vitruvius in his work outlined the principles of building orders. To calculate the design parameters, the module, which was the lower diameter of the column, was taken as a basis. He was the measure of the size of all the details.

Architectural warrants of Ancient Greece had a set of standard elements, differed by the ratio of their magnitudes and decoration. They consisted of a column (column), entablement (entablature) and pedestal. The first, in turn, included three elements:

• Fust (shaft - trunk);

• Capital;

• Base (baza)

The column stem is the largest part of it, its thickness decreases with height, but it is uneven. The capital forms the upper part, it is directly loaded all the overlying elements of the building. The function of the base is clear from its name: it is the foundation of a foxtus.

The entablature, the upper part of the structure, also has a triple structure. It consists of architrave, frieze and cornice. Architrave forms overlaps between the columns, it is the main supporting part of the entablature. Freese is an average element. Architectural warrants of Antiquity are characterized by different execution of this detail: it could be smooth or with an image. The cornice crowns the column, often it was decorated with dentils, or, as they are called, order crackers - a row of rectangular ledges.

Pedestal - the lower part of the column, its base, often had a step structure. The column "grew" from the stylobate (stylobate) - the upper step.

Architectural warrants of Ancient Greece

In total, there are five orders that are considered classic. Three of them were formed on Greek territory. This Doric, Ionic and Corinthian architectural order. In Ancient Rome, there were two more: Tuscan and composite. Each of them has its own distinctive features in the structure and decorative elements.

The names of the Greek architectural orders give an idea of where in the ancient state they originated. Appearing each in their own area, in the VI century BC. Ionic and Doric types of columns quickly spread throughout Greece. The Corinthian order was not very popular. He became more in demand already in ancient Rome.

Greatness and simplicity

Doric architectural order was distinguished by a minimized number of decorative details. The column did not have a base, because it leaned directly on the stylobate. The trunk narrowed unevenly, somewhere on one third of the height there was a slight thickening. The surface of the column was covered with grooves - flutes. As a rule, there were only 20. The flutes gave a certain ornamentality to the monumental design: they created a play of light and shadow, visually increasing the height of the column. There were variants of columns and with smooth trunks.

The capital had a round base, on which lay a square. She relied on a smooth architrave. Freese contained triglyphs - straight strips with triangular notches among themselves, grouped by three. Between the trigrams there were gaps (methods) either smooth or filled with ornamentation. Under the cornice was often located a number of order crackers.

Famous for the whole world

Doric order to most of the sign for such masterpieces of ancient architecture as the Parthenon and the Temple of Hephaestus. Strict, brave columns adorned the buildings dedicated to Poseidon at Cape Sounion, as well as to Afea on the island of Aegina.

Doric - the easiest architectural order in terms of decor. The species that appeared in Ionia, and then in Corinth, are distinguished by a large number of ornaments and artistic details.

Femininity embodied in stone

Dorian strictness was opposed to the softness and even some tenderness of the Ionic order. Columns of this type rise above the rounded base, resembling several rings that are stacked on each other. The post is longer than in the Dorian version. From this the column seems more slender. The flutes are deeper (there are 24 in all), and the capital is decorated with currencies (curls).

The Ionic entablature is rather narrow and includes three horizontal parts: a smooth architrave, a frieze that does not have triglyphs, and a slightly protruding cornice with a row of denticles. The middle part of the entablature was often decorated with reliefs.

Creating such a column, the ancient architects likened her to a woman with a harmonious camp, curly hair-currencies and flowing folds of clothing - flutes.

Origin

Vitruvius wrote in his treatise that the Ionic architectural order arose during the erection of the Temple of Ephesus. The need for a new form arose from the desire to find a style that embodied the spirit of the Greek tribes inhabiting the area, and to oppose it to the Dorian. The embodiment of the conceived brought the desired fruits: the ionic warrant is known no less than its strict fellow, and also belongs to the number of classical.

Scientists believe that the formation of a new type of columns occurred gradually, and the Temple of Ephesus became only the quintessence of all previous stages. Anyway, and the ionic warrant really embodies refinement and elegance. No wonder it was used to build the temples of Nicky Ateros and Artemis of Ephesus, the latter eventually received the title of one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Younger brother

The Corinthian order, as already noted, was especially popular in ancient Rome. On the territory of Greece it was considered an offshoot of the Ionic. Indeed, these orders have many similar elements. A high rod with 24 flutes stands on a round base. The main difference is a capital consisting of sixteen currencies, accompanied by acanthus leaves, arranged in two rows.

The entablature is similar to the corresponding element in the structure of the Ionic order: it includes a divided architrave, a frieze supplemented with a relief, and a cornice with prongs. The difference between buildings using such columns is that they supported not a gable roof, but a flat roof.

If we continue the metaphor of masculinity and femininity, then the third Greek order more likely possesses the features peculiar to the young girl: some flirtatiousness and love for refined ornaments. The earliest of the found samples of the Corinthian order are the columns of the Temple of Apollo in Bassa.

Receivers

Greek architectural orders continued to exist in ancient Rome. They were used by craftsmen who created the appearance of the cities of the empire. In parallel, new forms appeared: the Tuscan and composite architectural orders. And the name of the parts, and the general construction logic are preserved.

Composite order - the "descendant" of Ionic and Corinthian. Tuscan inherent features that make obvious his family ties with the Dorian: strict columns without capitals, smooth architrave and frieze, rounded without adornment capital.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the interest in such architectural forms gradually subsided and again revived only in the 15th century, when the Treaty of Vetruvia was discovered. Buildings in the style of classicism, which took shape a little later, also necessarily contained columns or similar elements. It should be noted that today architectural orders that have reached us through the thickness of centuries are often used in the creation and decoration of new masterpieces.