Arabic Hieroglyphs and Their Significance

Arabic (alifba in Arabic) consonant (that is, only consonant letters are written) the alphabetic spelling used for the Arabic language and some others is one of the most complicated writing systems at the moment. Modern Arabic writing is a multi-vector phenomenon. However, Arabic hieroglyphs are very actively displaced from the area of communication, where there is another official language.

The essence of the Arabic script

Characteristic features of the Arabic script:

1. Left-sided orientation - the letter traditionally goes from right to left.
2. A lot of superscripts and also subscripts are diacritics, which was created to recognize weakly distinguishable letters and to create new characters.
3. The italic type of writing, the absence of "positions" and capital letters. And the italics of the Arabic script are not consistent: some Arabic hieroglyphs connect with the rest either exclusively from the left, or exclusively from the right.
4. Allography - change the type of letters. It depends on their position in the word - in the end, in the middle, in the beginning or separately.

The modern Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-eight consonants and semi-vowels, as well as diacritical signs in the form of superscripts or subscripts, circles, dashes embedded in the alphabetic system after the adoption of Islam, or for recognizing certain consonantal letters and sounds, or for designating vowels for the purpose More accurate transmission of the text of the Holy Qur'an.

History of Arabic writing.

In science, it is believed that the Arabic writing originated on the basis of the Nabatean letter (the fourth century BC - the first century AD), but it is not necessary to discard the ancient tradition of Syrian writing, as well as the style affinity of the letters from the sacred The book "Avesta".

Thus, the Arabian appeared before the emergence of such a world religion as Islam. In the Soviet Union, writing on the basis of an Arabic letter was banned in 1928 by a decree of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, and the authors of the modernized Arab were repressed. An interesting fact is that, with the exception of the Tatar SSR, the replacement of Arabic graphics ( alifbe ) with Latin letters ( yanalif ) did not cause much resistance. According to statistics, about seven percent of the world's population uses Arabic hieroglyphs.

Arabic: its global significance

The Arabic language (Arabic version of اللغة العربية, read as al-luġa al-'arabiya) is the language of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asian language family. The number of speakers in the given language and its dialects is about three hundred million (as the first language), and about fifty million people use Arabic as the second language for communication. Classical Arabic - the language of the Holy Qur'an - is constantly used in religious processions and prayers by adherents of Islam throughout the world (the total number of Muslims is about one and a half billion). Since ancient times, it has stood out as an essential dialectal branching and diversity.

Dialects of Arabic

Modern colloquial Arabic is divided into five dialect subgroups, in their essence, are separate languages from a philological point of view:

• Maghreb dialects.
• Sudanese-Egyptian dialects.
• Iraqi-Mesopotamian dialects.
• Arabian group of dialects.
• Central Asian groups of dialects.

The Maghreb dialect belongs to the western group, others to the eastern group of dialects of the Arabic language. Arabic dialects are public in twenty-two eastern countries, which have conferred official status on him and are used in administrative institutions and courts.

The Koran as the basis of Arabica

In the Arab myths, the great Allah created the letters and gave them to Adam, concealing from the angels. The creator of the Arabic letter is sometimes considered to be not able to write and read the prophet Muhammad, or his personal assistant.

According to the Arabic linguistic tradition, the Arabic letter itself is formed in the city of Hira, the main city of the Dakhmid state, and is further developed in the middle of the seventh century, with the primary recording of the Koran (651).

The Quran (from Arabic translates as قرآن - read) can also be published under the title of the Holy Book or the Blessed Word. It contains one hundred and fourteen unrelated chapters (sur in Arabic). Suras, in turn, are composed of verses (verses) and are arranged in descending order of the number of ayahs.

In 631 AD. The military-religious state of the Arab Caliphate was founded, and the Arabic script is gaining global importance, and at the moment it dominates the Middle East. The capital of Arabic linguistics was Iraq (the city of Basra and Kufa).

In the seventh century, a resident of Basra Abul-Aswad-ad-Duali introduced additional characters to the Arabic characters for writing short vowels. Approximately in the same time interval, Nasr ibn-Asym and Yahya ibn-Yamara invented a system of diacritical signs for distinguishing a number of similar graphemes.

In the eighth century, a resident of the city of Basra, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmed improved the writing of short vowels. His system has reached modern times and is used mainly when writing texts of the Quran, lyrical and educational texts.

Arabic Hieroglyphs and Their Significance

The most famous examples of arabica are the following words:

• الحب - love;
• راحة - comfort;
• السعادة - happiness;
• الازدهار - well-being;
• فرح - joy (positive mood);
• الأسرة - family.

Arabic hieroglyphs with translation into Russian are easily found in academic professional dictionaries. In Arabic, there are a lot of original handwriting (from the Arabic language خط hatṭ "line"), the most important of which are:

• Nams (نسخ "copying"), is considered a classic Arabic writing and is used in typographical set;
• Nastalik especially respect in Iran, where there is Islam of the Shiite direction;
• Magribi (countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia);
• Kufi (Arabic كوفي, from the geographic name of the city of Kufa) - scientists consider it to be the oldest handwriting, its features are modest and exquisite.

Arabic hieroglyphs with translation

Let's look at some examples of Arabic words. Arabic hieroglyphs and their meaning in Russian are always given with a transcription for correct pronunciation.

Variety of Arabic handwriting

For many centuries, the stereotype of the Arabic script has taken root-the direction of letters to line up, on both sides of which the points are disproportionately written. There is an opinion that the Arabic letter influenced the appearance of modern written systems of shorthand and coding.

A lot of the handwriting of the Arabic language can also be explained by its specific features and dialectal diversity. In the circumference of the Maghreb writing, some scholars discovered the Berber-Libyan influence, in diagonality "nastalik" - the legacy of Avestan writing.

Very pronounced square outlines of Arabic letters are received mainly in Central Asia, where, perhaps, they were acquainted with the Chinese square handwriting of Shanfang-dazhuang, as well as with the Tibetan pakba writing system. Many writing systems influenced the Arabic characters. Photos of arabica can be found both in the article and in the special literature.