What is the development of the excavation?

The beginning of construction is necessarily based on earthworks, so a technological map for the development of the foundation pit is created at the design stage of the facility. It finds a description of all the necessary activities. Therefore, the design of the excavation should contain the entire sequence of actions - from site preparation, cleaning it from plants and old structures, removing the fertile layer, taking the prescribed volume of soil to the production of pits, digging trenches, leveling slopes and grounds, allocating space for storing land Before it is exported from the territory, etc.

Classification of excavations by designation

The technologies for which the excavation is being developed are divided according to two directions. One focuses on preparing the land for the construction of depressions and permanent channels. Their class includes objects of water reclamation, park and city fountains, ponds, artificial ponds, paths and embankments.

Temporary development of the excavation is necessary for the construction of buildings and foundations for them. Classifying them for their intended purpose is designed to distinguish the types of work under which it is necessary to use various mechanisms and special equipment. This takes into account the costs of manual labor. The greatest volume of non-mechanized works falls on the zones of location of underground engineering highways. In them, excavators and graders can not be used. Any technical means can damage the padded cable or pipeline.

Also, on the basis of the classification of excavations, a set of measures for ensuring safety in the areas where the excavation is being developed is selected. They can consist in the installation of fences, identification and warning signs or the organization of the protection of the object.

Main types of work and their share in the total cost of the project

According to the terms, the development of the excavation can take from 5 to 15% of the total time required for the construction of the facility. At cost, this is also not cheap. In the estimate documentation, usually excavation costs include a cost of up to one fifth of the total project budget. This is taking into account all measures for the vertical layout of the construction site, for the protection of excavation from flooding by subsoil or sedimentary water, for its waterproofing.

These include:

• Geodetic research.
• Stripping of the site.
• Plot the plot and mark the boundaries of the object.
• Excavation, digging trenches.
• Work to strengthen the slopes.
• Transportation, laying for temporary storage and disposal of excavated soil.
• The device of engineering communications.
• Filling and tamping the bevels at the outer edge of the foundation.
• Activities that divert groundwater from the site.

Importance of hydraulic engineering

Groundwater and rainwater can cause huge damage to construction. Therefore, the excavation can not be done without taking into account the principles of hydraulic engineering. One of the primary tasks of the engineer is to provide the site with protection measures. For this, canals that divert water are built, pits for water discharge are arranged, other types of receivers for liquids are used, from which they can be pumped out by drainage pumps.