The reign of Nicholas 2. Results of the reign of Nicholas II

They say that if a person does not know the history of his native state, he does not know his roots. On the one hand, what are we living now, to the fate of the rulers who ruled a few hundred years ago? But practice shows: historical experience does not lose relevance in any era. The reign of Nicholas II was the final chord in the reign of the Romanov dynasty, but it turned out to be the brightest and most crucial in the history of our country. In the article below you will get acquainted with the royal family, learn about what was Nicholas 2. The form of government of the state of his time, reforms and the features of his rule will be of interest to everyone.

The last Emperor

Nicholas 2 had many titles and regalia: he was the All-Russian Emperor, Grand Duke of Finland, King of Poland. He was appointed Colonel, and British monarchs awarded him the rank of Field Marshal of the British Army and Admiral of the Fleet. This indicates that among the heads of other states he enjoyed respect and popularity. He was a simple person in communication, but at the same time he never lost his self-respect. In any situation, the emperor never forgot that he is a person of royal blood. Even in exile, during house arrest and in the last days of his life, he remained a real man.

The time of the reign of Nicholas 2 showed: on the Russian land patriots with good intentions and glorious deeds for the benefit of the Fatherland did not move. Contemporaries said that Nicholas 2 looked more like a nobleman: a simple-minded man, conscientious, he responsibly approached any business and always responded sensitively to someone else's pain. He condescendingly treated all people, even simple peasants, could easily talk to any one of them equitably. But the sovereign never forgave those who got involved in financial fraud, cheated and deceived others.

Reforms of Nicholas 2

The emperor ascended the throne in 1896. This is a difficult time for Russia, difficult for the common people and dangerous for the ruling class. The emperor himself firmly adhered to the principles of autocracy and always stressed that he would strictly adhere to his charter and had no intention of making any changes. The reign of Nicholas II fell on a difficult time for the state, so the revolutionary unrest in the people and their discontent with the ruling class forced Nicholas 2 to carry out two major reforms. These were: the political reform of 1905-1907. And the agrarian reform of 1907. The history of Nicholas's reign shows that practically every step of the emperor was begged and calculated.

The Bulygin Reform of 1905

The first reform began with the preparatory phase, which took place from February to August 1905. A special meeting was set up, chaired by Minister of Internal Affairs A.G. Bulygin. During this time, a manifesto was prepared on the establishment of the State Duma and the Regulations on Elections. They were published on August 6, 1905. But due to the uprising of the working class, the Bulygin Duma's legislative council was not convened.

In addition, the All-Russian political strike took place, which forced Emperor Nicholas 2 to make serious political concessions and issued a manifesto on October 17, which gave the legislature the rights to legislate, proclaim political freedom and significantly expand the circle of voters.

All the work of the Duma and the principles of its formation were recorded in the Election Regulations of December 11, 1905, in the Decree on the Composition and Structure of the State Duma of February 20, 1906, and also in the Basic Laws of April 23, 1906. The changes in the state structure have been formalized by a legislative act. Legislative functions are given to the State Council and the Council of Ministers, which began its work on October 19, 1905, and Yu.V. Witte. The reforms of Nicholas 2 indirectly pushed the state to change power and overthrow the autocracy.

The collapse of the Duma in 1906-07

The first composition of the State Duma in Russia was very democratic, but the demands put forward were radical. They believed that political transformations must continue, they demanded that the landlords stop their landownership, they condemn the autocracy, which is supported by total terror. In addition, they expressed distrust of the ruling authorities. Of course, all these innovations were not acceptable to the ruling class. Therefore, the first and second dumas of 1906-1907 gg. Were dissolved by Emperor Nicholas 2.

The political reform of Nicholas 2 ended in the creation of the third June monarchy, in which the rights of the people were severely limited. The new political system could not work with unresolved socio-economic and political problems.

The reign of Nicholas II was a turning point for the political system of the state. The Duma turned into a platform for criticizing the authorities, showing itself as an opposition body. This led to a new revolutionary uprising and further intensified the crisis in society.

Agrarian "Stolypin" reform

The process of transformation began in 1907. Stolypin. The main goal was to preserve the landed estates. To achieve this result, it was decided that it was necessary to liquidate communities and sell the land to peasants living in villages through the Peasant Bank. For the reduction of peasant malozemelia began to move peasants from the Urals. In the hope that all these measures will stop social upheavals in society and there will be an opportunity to modernize agriculture, have launched agrarian reform.

The rise of the Russian economy

Introduced innovations brought tangible results in the agricultural sector, the economy of the Russian state has experienced a noticeable recovery. Harvest grain grew by 2 centners per hectare, the volume of collected products increased by 20%, grain exported abroad, in volumes increased 1.5 times. The incomes of the peasants increased noticeably and their purchasing power increased. The reign of Nicholas 2 raised agriculture to a new level.

But, despite a noticeable economic growth, the ruler could not resolve social issues. The form of government remained the same, and its dissatisfaction with the people gradually increased. So only 25% of the households left the community, 17% of those resettled beyond the Urals returned back, and 20% of the peasants who took the land through the Peasant Bank went bankrupt. As a result, the provision of peasants with allotments of land decreased from 11 acres to 8 acres. It became clear that the second reform of Nicholas 2 ended unsatisfactorily and the agrarian problem was not solved.

Summing up the results of the reign of Nicholas 2, we can say that the Russian Empire by 1913 became one of the richest in the world. This did not prevent in 4 years villainously kill the great king, his whole family and loyal close people.

Features of education of the future emperor

Nicholas himself 2 in his childhood was brought up in austerity and in Spartan. A lot of time was devoted to sports, there was simplicity in clothes, and delicacies and sweets were only on holidays. Such an attitude towards children showed that even if they were born in a rich and noble family, this is not their merit. It was believed that the main thing is that you know and know how and what kind of soul you have. The royal family of Nicholas 2 is an example of a friendly, fruitful union of a husband, wife and their properly educated children.

Such upbringing the future emperor transferred to his own family. The daughters of the king knew from childhood what pain and suffering were, they could help those who needed it. For example, older daughters Olga and Maria, together with their mother, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, worked in military hospitals during the First World War. To do this, they passed special medical courses and for several hours stood on their feet at the operating table.

At present, we know that the life of the tsar and his family is a constant fear for his life, for his family and for the whole Fatherland. This is above all a great responsibility, concern and concern for the whole people. And the "profession" of the tsar is ungrateful and dangerous, which is confirmed by the history of the Russian state. The royal family of Nicholas 2 became the standard of marital fidelity for many years.

Head of the Imperial Family

Nicholas 2 himself became the last Russian tsar, and it ended the reign of Russia at the House of Romanovs. He was the eldest son in the family, and his parents were Emperor Alexander 3 and Maria Romanovna. After the tragic death of his grandfather, he became heir to the Russian throne. Nicholas 2 had a calm character, was very religious, grew up shy and thoughtful boy. However, at the right time, he was always firm and persistent in his intentions and actions.

Empress and mother of the family

The wife of the Russian Emperor Nicholas 2 was the daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Dremstadt Ludwig, and her mother was the princess of England. The future Empress was born on June 7, 1872, in Darmstadt. Her parents called her Alix and gave her real English upbringing. The girl was born the sixth in a row, but this did not stop her from becoming a well-bred and worthy continuer of the English race, because her own grandmother was Queen Victoria of England. The future Empress was of a balanced nature and was very shy. Despite her noble lineage, she led a Spartan lifestyle, took a bath in the morning with cold water and spent the night on a hard bed.

Favorite children of the royal family

The first child in the family of Emperor Nicholas 2 and his wife Empress Alexandra Feodorovna became daughter Olga. She was born in 1895 in November and became a favorite child of her parents. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova was very clever, friendly and had great abilities in studying all kinds of sciences. She was very sincere and generous, and her Christian soul was pure and fair. The beginning of the reign of Nicholas II was marked by the birth of the first child.

The second child of Nicholas 2 was daughter Tatiana, who was born June 11, 1897. Outwardly, she resembled her mother, and her character was paternal. She had a strong sense of duty and loved everything in order. The Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova embroidered and sewed well, possessed sound reason and remained herself in all life situations.

The next and, accordingly, the third child of the emperor and the empress was another daughter, Maria. She was born on June 27, 1899. The Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova differed from her sisters in good-natured, friendly and gay. She had a beautiful appearance and had a great vitality. She was very attached to her parents and loved them madly.

The Emperor was impatiently waiting for his son, but the fourth child in the royal family was again the girl Anastasia. The emperor loved her as well as all his daughters. The Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 18, 1901 and was very similar in character to the boy. She turned out to be a quick and quick child, liked to play pranks and had a cheerful disposition.

August 12, 1904 in the imperial family the long-awaited heir was born. The boy was named Alexei, in honor of the great great-grandfather Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Tsesarevich inherited all the best from his father and mother. He loved his parents dearly, and Father Nicholas 2 was a real idol for him, he always tried to imitate him.

The accession to the throne

May 1896 was marked by the most important event - the coronation of Nicholas 2 was held in Moscow. This was the last such event: the tsar became the last not only in the Romanov dynasty, but also in the history of the Russian Empire. Ironically, it was this coronation that became the most magnificent and magnificent. Thus began the reign of Nicholas 2. On the most important occasion, the city was decorated with the colorful lights that had just appeared at that time. According to eyewitnesses, the event was literally a "fiery sea".

The capital of the Russian Empire was attended by representatives of all countries. From heads of state to ordinary people - representatives of each class were at the inauguration ceremony. To paint this memorable day in colors, venerable artists came to Moscow: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov and others. The coronation of Nicholas 2 was a real holiday for the Russian people.

The last coin of the empire

Numismatics is truly an interesting science. She studies not just coins and bills of different states and eras. In the collections of the largest numismatists, one can trace the history of the country, its economic, political and social changes. So the chervonets of Nicholas 2 became a legendary coin.

The first time it was released in 1911, and every year the mint coined the chervonets with huge print runs. The nominal value of the coin was 10 rubles and was made of gold. It would seem, why is this money so attracting the attention of numismatists and historians? The catch is that the number of coins issued and minted was limited. And, therefore, it makes sense to compete for the chervonets cherished. There were many more of them than the mint claimed. But, unfortunately, among a lot of fakes and "impostors" it is difficult to find a genuine coin.

Why is it so much that the coin has "doubles"? There is an opinion that someone was able to take out the stamps of the front and back sides from the mint and hand them over to counterfeiters. Historians argue that this could be either Kolchak, who "struck" a lot of chervonets to undermine the country's economy, or the Soviet government, which tried to pay off this money with Western partners. It is known that for a long time the countries of the West did not recognize the new government seriously and continued to settle with Russian gold chervontsi. Similarly, a mass production of counterfeit coins could be carried out much later, and of low quality gold.

Foreign Policy of Nicholas 2

During the reign of the emperor came two major military companies. In the Far East, the Russian state collided with an aggressive Japan. In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War began, which was supposed to distract the common people from the social and economic problems of the state. The largest military operations took place at the fortress of Port Arthur, which surrendered in December 1904. Under Mukend, the Russian army lost the battle in February 1905. And at the island of Tsushima in May 1905, the Russian fleet was defeated and completely sunk. The Russian-Japanese military company ended up signing peace agreements in Portsmouth in August 1905, according to which Japan left Korea and the southern part of Sakhalin Island.

World War I

In the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia, the heir to the Austrian throne, F. Ferdinand, was killed, which was the reason for the outbreak of the First World War of 1914 between the Triple Alliance and the Entente. The Triple Alliance included such states as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. And the Entente included Russia, England and France.

The main military operations took place on the Western Front in 1914. On the Eastern Front, Austria-Hungary was defeated by the Russian army, was close to capitulation. But Germany helped Austria-Hungary to withstand and continue the offensive against Russia.

Again, Germany went against Russia in the spring and summer of 1915, having seized Poland, part of the Baltic, part of Western Byelorussia and Ukraine. And in 1916 the German troops inflicted the main blow on the Western Front. In turn, Russian troops broke through the front and defeated the Austrian army, led the military actions of General AA. Brusilov.

The foreign policy of Nicholas 2 led to the fact that the Russian state was economically exhausted by a long war, political problems were ripe. The deputies did not hide the fact that they were not satisfied with the policy pursued by the ruling government. The workers 'and peasants' question was never solved, and the Patriotic War only aggravated it. Having signed the Brest Peace on March 5, 1918, Russia ended the war.

Summing up

You can talk about the fate of rulers for a long time. The results of the reign of Nicholas 2 are as follows: Russia experienced a colossal leap in economic development, as well as an increase in political and social contradictions. For the years of the reign of the emperor, two revolutions occurred at once, the last of which became decisive. Large-scale changes in relations with other countries have led to the fact that the Russian Empire has strengthened its influence in the east. The reign of Nicholas II was extremely controversial. Perhaps, therefore, it was in those years that events took place that led to the change of the state system.

It is possible to discuss for a long time, it was necessary to act to the emperor anyway. Historians have not yet agreed on who the last emperor of the Russian Empire was-the great autocrat or the death of statehood. The era of the reign of Nicholas 2 - this time is very difficult for the Russian Empire, but at the same time remarkable and fateful.