The branches of the economy: types, classification, management and economics. The main branches of the national economy

Each country has its own economy. It is thanks to the industry that the budget is replenished, the necessary goods, products, raw materials are manufactured. The degree of development of the state depends to a large extent on the efficiency of conducting the national economy. The higher it is developed, the greater the economic potential of the country and, accordingly, the standard of living of its citizens. Management of branches of the national economy is carried out by special bodies. Often, strategically important enterprises are controlled by the state.

Concept of the field of economy

All enterprises, factories, institutions that manufacture products or services of the same type constitute a certain industry. Very often the branches of the economy closely interact with each other. They use materials, raw materials, equipment of other industries in their production. All branches of the national economy can be divided into two groups. The extractive industry is considered to be the first. It is engaged in the extraction of minerals, other varieties of raw materials. Also here include the extraction of seafood. The second category is the manufacturing industry. This kind is engaged in processing all kinds of raw materials. The main branches of the national economy are directly industry, agriculture, construction, transport system. They, in turn, are divided into other subtypes.

Economic zones of Russia

The country's territory has an uneven distribution of mineral resources. That is why the branches of the economy of Russia form two large economic zones: the Eastern and the Western. The first unites Siberia, the Far East and is characterized by considerable reserves of resources. Here the mining industry is predominant. The western part does not have such a resource base. Therefore, here the branches of the economy are mainly processing. In this region, 2/3 of all industrial regions are concentrated.

Branches of the national economy. Classification

Depending on what is the purpose of the products, the industry of groups "A" and "B" is singled out. The former is engaged in the production of means of production, the second - in consumer products. Also distinguish between the production and non-productive spheres. The branches of the economy, which are related to the production sphere :

• industry;
• Communication, transport;
• Agriculture;
• Forestry;
• building;
• catering.

All services, public services are non-productive:

• Health care;
• education;
• Communal services;
• Art, culture;
• Finances, pensions;
• Science, and so on.

Gas, oil, coal industry

The country's fuel and energy complex is a very important indicator of its development and economic potential. The gas industry includes the exploration of gas fields, its extraction, transportation and use. Gathering blue fuel is relatively inexpensive. For example, the cost of coal mining exceeds the cost of gas production by more than 10 times. The oil industry is engaged in the search for deposits, extraction and delivery of oil. In passing, natural gas is also produced. The most expensive is the coal industry. Stone, brown coal is mined in mines. Such branches of the economy require significant financial investments, as well as a large number of human resources.

Power engineering

The fuel and energy complex also includes the production and distribution of electrical energy. It is produced at thermal power plants, nuclear and hydroelectric power stations. Heat stations for production use gas, coal, mazut or peat. When they are burned, the thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. On the banks of large reservoirs, hydroelectric power stations are being built. The cost of electricity produced by them is much lower. If the district does not have rivers and large fuel reserves, then nuclear power plants are being built. In their work, uranium ores are used. The fuel consumption is much less. Another undoubted advantage is the preservation of the cleanliness of the environment. A new word in power engineering is geothermal stations. They use the internal heat of the earth (located near the volcanoes).

Metallurgy

The branches of the economy of many countries (including Russia) include the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Separate metallurgy of the full cycle (production of cast iron, steel, rolled products) and refueling, in which cast iron is absent. The availability of raw materials and electricity affects the location of enterprises of this type. Industries of the national economy of Russia, which are engaged in the production of steel and rolled products - one of the world leaders. The technology of manufacturing non-ferrous metals has a number of features. First of all, ore is mined, then their enrichment takes place. The concentrate, rough metal is produced. To give it the necessary properties and parameters, a refining operation is performed. Highlights the production of heavy (nickel, lead, tin) and light (aluminum, titanium) metals. Metallurgy of heavy metals is material-intensive: the production of one ton of metal requires several hundred tons of ore. Most often, such enterprises are located near sources of raw materials.

Mechanical engineering

The enterprises of the machine building complex must take into account a number of factors: the availability of raw materials and the consumer, the high qualification of the personnel, the advantageous transport and geographic location. This includes the following branches of the economy: automotive, car building industry, the production of ships, tractors. Also in this category include instrument making, the manufacture of household appliances and electronic computers. This industry is also engaged in the manufacture of parts and components.

Enterprises of the forest, chemical industries

The products of the timber industry complex are encountered every day. This is a notebook, and furniture and much more. Forestry sectors of the economy are engaged in the collection, processing and processing of timber. Often such enterprises are located in regions with extensive planting of trees. The woodworking industry produces construction parts made of wood, plywood, furniture. This area also includes sawmilling. Pulp and paper industries produce paper, cardboard, cellulose, paper containers and much more. There is also a wood chemical industry. It is engaged in the manufacture of solvents, methyl alcohol, hydrolysis production. The chemical industry includes the manufacture of fibers, dyes, plastics, paint and varnish industry. Also in this complex includes pharmacology, the production of substances of organic synthesis, household chemicals.

Branches of agriculture

Agriculture is a very important component of the country's economy, because it provides the population with food. This category is divided into livestock and the cultivation of all kinds of plants (vegetables, fruits, cereals and industrial crops, etc.). The branches of agriculture that are engaged in breeding animals are cattle breeding (meat, dairy breeds), sheep breeding, poultry farming. Also there are farms for the cultivation of pigs, horses, fish, fur-bearing animals. Beekeeping is also one of the areas of animal husbandry.