Process, concept and stages of institutionalization. Institutionalization in Russia. Institutionalization is ...

Social life is a multi-faceted concept. However, the progress of Russian society, as we see from history, directly depends on the quality of the specific creative intellectual process carried out in it. What is institutionalization? This is an organization of a developed civil society of standardized passage of social processes. The instrument is the intellectual educations developed by the society - institutes with a fixed scheme of functioning, a staff structure, job descriptions. Any sphere of public life - political, economic, legal, information, cultural - for the sake of society's progress is subject to generalization and streamlining of this process.

Examples of institutionalization are, for example, the parliament, created on the basis of meetings of citizens; School, crystallized from the work of an outstanding artist, artist, dancer, thinker; A religion that takes its roots from the sermons of the prophets. Thus, institutionalization is, of course, in its essence, ordering.

It is carried out as a replacement of sets of individual models of behavior by one - generalized, regulated. If we talk about the constructive elements of this process, the social norms, rules, statuses and roles developed by sociologists are an effective mechanism of institutionalization that resolves pressing social needs.

Russian institutionalization

It should be recognized that institutionalization in Russia in the new century is truly a reliable economic foundation. Production growth is ensured. The political system is stabilized: the "working" Constitution, the effective separation of legislative, executive, judicial branches, existing freedoms provide the basis for such development.

Historically, the institutionalization of Russian power has gone through the following stages:

• The first (1991-1998 gg.) - transitional from the Soviet regime.
• The second (1998-2004) - a change in the model of society from oligarchic to state-capitalistic.
• The third (2005-2007) - the formation of effective institutions of society.
• The fourth (beginning in 2008) is a stage characterized by the effective participation of human capital.

In Russia there is an elite model of democracy that limits the circle of people actively participating in the political process, which corresponds to the Russian mentality, which assumes the dominance of state interests over the interests of the individual. The support of civil society for the political course of the elite is of fundamental importance.

It is necessary to recognize that the traditional, brought up in "dashing" 90th years legal nihilism of a part of the population remains a restraining factor of development. But new principles of democracy are being introduced into society. The institutionalization of power in Russia has led to the fact that political institutions are divided not only into power institutions, but also into institutions of participation. At present, the role of the latter is growing. They have a directed effect on certain aspects of the progress of society.

The sphere of influence of the authorities is the entire population of the country. The main political institutions include the state itself, civil society. The peculiarity of Russian institutionalization is its modeling taking into account the interests of the country's development. The blind import of Western institutions is not always effective here, therefore institutionalization in Russia is a creative process.

Institutionalization and social institutions

Social institutions and institutionalization are important as universal instruments for combining the efforts of many people living in different subjects of the federation for the optimal distribution of resources and the satisfaction of Russian society.

For example, the state institution implements the power to meet the needs of the maximum number of citizens. The Institute of Law regulates the relationship between people and the state, as well as individuals and society as a whole. The institution of faith helps people to gain faith, the meaning of life, truth.

These institutions serve as the foundation for civil society. They are generated by the needs of society, which are characterized by a mass manifestation, the reality of existence.

From a formal point of view, a social institution can be represented as a "role system", based on the roles and statuses of various members of society. At the same time, acting in the conditions of a federal state, Russian institutions are doomed to unite in themselves the maximum set of traditions, customs, moral and ethical standards in order to achieve maximum legitimacy. Regulation and control of public relations is carried out with the help of institutions that implement legal and social norms, developed in accordance with these traditions and customs.

For the Russian mentality, it is important to reinforce the formal organization for the functioning of an informal institution to achieve maximum efficiency.

The distinctive features of institutions that help to determine their presence in the diverse social life of the country are numerous constant types of interactions, regulation of both job duties and the order of their implementation, and the presence of "narrow" specialists trained in the profile.

What social institutions can be called the main ones in modern society? Their list is known: family, health, education, social protection, business, church, mass media. Are they institutionalized? As is known, for each of these directions in the government there is a corresponding ministry, which is the "top" of the corresponding branch of power, which covers the regions. In the regional system of executive power, relevant departments have been established to monitor the immediate performers, as well as the dynamics of the corresponding social phenomena.

Political parties and their institutionalization

The institutionalization of political parties in its current interpretation began after the Second World War. On its composition can be said that it includes the institutionalization of political and legal. The political organizes and optimizes the efforts of citizens to create parties. Legal determines the legal status and activities. Important issues are also the problem of ensuring financial transparency of party activities and rules for its interaction with business and the state.

The generalized legal status of all parties (a place in state and other organizations) and the individual social status of each party (reflects the resource base and role in society) is normatively established.

The activities and status of modern parties are regulated by law. In Russia, the task of institutionalizing parties is resolved by a special federal law on political parties. According to him, the party is formed in two ways: the constituent congress or the transformation of the movement (social organization).

The state regulates the activities of parties, namely, rights and duties, functions, participation in elections, financial activities, relations with state bodies, international and ideological activities.

Restrictive requirements are: the all-Russian character of the party, the number of members (more than 50,000), the non-ideological, non-religious, non-national character of this organization.

Representation of parties in legislative bodies is provided by associations of the deputies elected in them (factions).

Legislation also defines the legal personality of parties: administrative, civil law, constitutional and legal.

Institutionalization of conflicts

Let us turn to history. The institutionalization of the conflict as a social phenomenon finds its origins in the era of the emergence of capitalist relations. Depriving the peasants of land of large landowners, the transformation of their social status into proletarians, the conflicts of the emerging class of the bourgeoisie and unwilling to abandon their nobility positions.

In terms of conflict management, institutionalization is the resolution of two conflicts at once: industrial and political. The conflict of employers and workers is regulated by the institution of collective agreement, taking into account the trade unions' interests of wage workers. Conflict for the right to control society is allowed by the mechanism of suffrage.

Thus, the institutionalization of conflict is a precautionary tool of public consensus and a system of counterbalances.

Public opinion and its institutionalization

Public opinion is a product of interaction between different layers of the population, political parties, social institutions, social networks, the media. The dynamics of public opinion has increased significantly thanks to the Internet, interactivity, flash mobs.

The institutionalization of public opinion has created specific organizations that study public opinion, which make up the ratings predicting the results of elections. These organizations collect, study available and form new public opinion. It should be recognized that often such a study is biased and relies on biased sampling.

Unfortunately, the structured shadow economy distorts the notion of "institutionalizing public opinion". In this case, the judgments and wishes of most people are not embodied in the real politics of the state. Ideally, there should be a direct and clear connection between the will of the people and the implementation of the people through parliament. People's representatives are obliged to serve public opinion by promptly adopting the necessary regulatory and legal acts.

Social work and institutionalization

In the late XIX - early XX century, in Western European society, in connection with industrialization and the use of a wide variety of population in social production, an institution for social work emerged. It was mainly about social benefits and assistance to the families of workers. In our time, social work has acquired the features of reasonable altruistic assistance inadequately adapted to the living conditions of people.

Social work, depending on the subject of its conduct, is state, public and mixed. State institutions include the Ministry of Social Policy, its regional offices, local institutions that serve socially disadvantaged people. Assistance is provided to certain members of society. It is regular, carried out by regular social workers and relies on budgetary funds. Public social work is voluntary, carried out by volunteers and more often than not is irregular. As you understand, the institutionalization of social work gives the greatest effect in a mixed version, where both its state and social forms coexist.

Stages of institutionalization of the shadow economy

The process of institutionalization is gradual. And all the stages of its passage are typical. The primary cause of this process and at the same time its feeding basis is the need for which the organized actions of people are necessary. Let's go in a paradoxical way. Consider the stages of institutionalization in the formation of such a negative institution as the "shadow economy".

• I stage - the emergence of the need. Disparate financial transactions (for example, export of capital, cashing out) of individual economic entities (since the 1990s) have acquired a wide and systematic character.
• II stage - the formation of certain goals and the ideology serving them. The goal can, for example, be formulated as follows: "Creation of an economic system," invisible "for state control. Creation of a climate in society, when the power-holders enjoy the right of permissiveness. "
• Stage III - the creation of public norms and rules. These norms initially establish rules that determine the "closeness" of power for control by the people (the "Byzantine system of power"). At the same time, "non-working" laws in the society compel economic entities to "go under the roof" of illegitimate structures that actually carry out the regulatory function lost by laws.
• IV stage - the emergence of standard functions associated with the norms. For example, the function of "protecting business" by powerholders, the function of legal cover for raiding, cashing out finances for fictitious contracts, creating a system of "kickbacks" with budgetary financing.
• V stage - practical application of norms and functions. Gradually, shadow convergence centers are created, not advertised in the official press. They work with certain customers steadily and for a long time. The percentage of conversion in them is minimal, they successfully compete with official converters. Another direction: the shadow salary, which is 15-80%.
• Stage VI - the creation of a system of sanctions that protect the criminal structure. Positions of state officials are privatized by capital for servicing business. They, these officials, are developing "rules" that punish "libel", for "moral damage". Managed in the manual mode, human rights bodies and taxation bodies are turning into a private "squad" of those in power.
• VII stage - the shadow vertical of power. Officials turn their levers of power into a resource for their entrepreneurial activities. The power ministries and the prosecutor's office are in fact isolated from the function of protecting the interests of the people. Judges who ensure the policy of regional government and for this "fed" it.

The process of institutionalization, as we see, is universal in terms of its basic stages. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance that the creative and legitimate social interests of society are exposed to it. The Institute of the shadow economy, which worsens the quality of life of ordinary citizens, must be superseded by the institution of the rule of law.

Sociology and institutionalization

Sociology studies society as a complex institutional system, taking into account its social institutions and connections between them, relations and communities. Sociology shows society in terms of its internal mechanisms and the dynamics of their development, the behavior of large groups of people and, in addition, the interaction of man and society. It provides and explains the essence of social phenomena and citizens' behavior, and also collects and analyzes primary sociological data.

The institutionalization of sociology expresses the inner essence of this science, which regulates social processes with the help of statuses and roles, is itself aimed at ensuring the vital activity of society. Therefore, the phenomenon takes place: sociology itself falls under the definition of the institution.

Stages of sociology development

There are several stages in the development of sociology as a new world science.

• The first stage is attributed to the 30th years of the XIX century, it consists in isolating the subject and method of this science by the French philosopher Auguste Comte.
• The second is the "working hours" of scientific terminology, the acquisition of qualifications by specialists, the organization of an operative scientific exchange of information.
• The third is the positioning of a part of philosophers as "sociologists".
• The fourth is the creation of a sociological school and the organization of the first scientific journal Sociological Yearbook. The greatest merit belongs to the French social scientist Emile Durkheim at the Sorbonne University. However, in addition, the Department of Sociology was opened at Columbia University (1892)
• The fifth stage, a kind of "recognition" of the state, was the introduction of sociological specialties in state professional registers. Thus, society finally recognized sociology.

In the 1960s, American sociology received significant capitalist investments. As a result, the number of American sociologists has increased to 20 thousand, and the names of publications of sociological periodicals - up to 30. Science has taken an adequate position in society.

In the USSR, sociology was revived after the October Revolution in 1968 - at Moscow State University. The Department of Sociological Research was given a chair. In 1974 the first periodical was published, and in 1980 sociological professions were introduced into the professional register of the country.

If we talk about the development of sociology in Russia, it is worth mentioning the faculty of sociology, opened in 1989 at Moscow State University. He "gave a start in life" to 20,000 sociologists.

Thus, institutionalization is the process in Russia that took place, but with a delay - for France and the United States - for a hundred years.

Conclusion

In modern society there are many institutions that exist not materially, but in the minds of people. Their education, institutionalization, is a dynamic and dialectical process. Obsolete institutions are replaced by new ones, generated by key social needs: communication, production, distribution, security, maintenance of social inequality, establishment of social control.