Order Diptera: general characteristic, representatives, reproduction

And in the tundra, and in the desert, and in any other corner of the earth, insects of the order Diptera are widespread. Representatives of this family are known to the world since the Jurassic period. Annoying flies, biting mosquitoes for certain are familiar to each person not by hearsay.

Order Diptera: general characteristic

Dipteroids are invertebrates belonging to the class of insects, the characteristic feature of which is the presence of one pair of full wings and the presence of complete metamorphosis. Almost every person learns about their definition after reading the textbook "Biology". Diptera is also a detachment uniting more than one hundred and fifty families and one hundred thousand species of insects. Especially famous are gnats, mosquitoes, flies, and horseflies.

Scientists do not consider Diptera to social animals, but there are exceptional cases when members of this squad form flocks. Usually these are situations caused by the presence of an attractive flavor of food, a convenient location of the territory for mating or rest.

But the majority of Diptera insects prefer solitary existence. Each of them passes through a certain cycle, through which turns into a full-fledged individual of the order Diptera. Representatives of this detachment are initially at the egg stage, then pass into the larva, followed by a pupa and only then an imago.

In the larval stage, the body of the individual is like a worm without legs. The only protrusion on their body is the non-segmented formations on the abdomen. They are also characterized by the presence of a mouthpiece. The adult specimen of the adult can live only in airspace. In this respect, the larvae are not fastidious. They are comfortable in the soil, in water, and in the organisms of plants and animals. Imago, part of the detachment Diptera, feed on nectar and pollen of plants. They are predatory and bloodsucking.

Order Diptera: Reproduction

The larvae and adult members of this group have bright differences in the anatomical and physiological structure. The period of acute breeding for a number of dipterous insects is not easy. Often, males, ready for reproduction, create a kind of swarm, the noise of which can attract many females.

The major part of Diptera is oviparous. But in nature there are flies, which are characteristic of egg production. In this case, the insect lays an egg in which the finally formed Diptera larvae are located. After hatching, they immediately begin the process of vital activity, such as nutrition.

Also there are flies capable of live birth. In this case, there are two options for the outcome of the events. At the first, a larva of older age, requiring some amount of time for food, is produced in the second larva in full readiness for pupation.

Also, the reproduction of Diptera may occur in the larval stage. This phenomenon is called pedogenesis. It is based on the maturation of about sixty daughter larvae in the body of pedogenetic. Subsidiary larvae go through ruptures in the maternal cover. Reproduction in favorable conditions allows insects, included in the order Diptera, to give up to 10 new generations per year.

External signs of adult dipterous insects

In size, the adult dipterous insect - imago - reaches from two to five centimeters in length. Two-sided symmetry is a characteristic feature that distinguishes the detachment Diptera from the others. The limbs on the body are located on the abdomen in the number of three pairs. The head of Dipterous insects differs in rounded form with characteristic huge facetted eyes located on both sides.

The major part of such representatives has a sucking mouthpiece. In addition to it there is a suction-licking and piercing-sucking. In some ovidov the oral apparatus is underdeveloped. The front webbed wings are attached to the middle chest. They are developed better than the rear ones and are the main means of flight. A pair of rear-view wings in the course of evolution took the form of clavate buzz and turned into an organ of balance. Legs in the number of three pairs depart from the chest of an insect entering the detachment Diptera. The limbs are complemented by suckers and claws. It is their presence that allows insects to move along vertical planes.

Internal structure

In the role of the liquid medium of the organism representatives of the order Diptera acts hemolymph. At its core, this substance is analogous to blood in the organisms of higher animals. The order Diptera is characterized by an open circulatory system. That is, all representatives of the hemolymph contact with internal organs. On the back wall of the chest cavity, each representative, included in the order Diptera, has a thickened and compacted dorsal vessel. In fact, it is he who performs cardiac functions. Trachea responds to breathing in the body of insects. Gas exchange processes are carried out in the abdominal cavity. There is a huge amount of trachea in the vicinity of the aorta. The order of insects Diptera is also characterized by the presence of the brain.

Role in nature

Very many insects belonging to the order Diptera, are capable of damaging the health of a person or animal. First of all, this is due to the fact that representatives such as mosquitoes, flies, mosquitoes, flies and flounder have the ability to tolerate all kinds of infectious diseases. There are a number of individuals capable of inflicting damage to plants, while at the stage of the larva. In this state they often parasitize in the human body and in the body of domestic animals. In turn, the benefit comes from the diptera representatives of this order, the pollinating plants and the soil-forming agents. There are also species of Diptera insects that are destroyers of farmland.

One hundred thousand species of Diptera are united into several groups:

• Mosquitoes and slimy;
• Toe and mushroom mosquitoes;
• Butterfly;
• Long-legged;
• The lionesses;
• Stem;
• Flies;
• Sharovki;
• Gorbatki;
• Murmurs;
• Dung and houseflies;
• Gadfly and tahini.

Houseflies

Room flies are referred to a family of real flies. They are the owners of a synanthropic organism, which at present is almost impossible to meet in nature. The specimen of this species is awake most of the day. The structure of the fly differs in large facetted dark red eyes. In length, it usually does not exceed eight millimeters. The color of her body is gray with characteristic black longitudinal stripes on her chest. The abdomen is yellowish in the lower part.

The structure of a female fly is somewhat different from that of males. First of all, they have increased the distance between the eyes. Secondly, females are larger in size. Room flies are characterized by a licking-sucking mouthpiece. In this regard, they are not capable of biting the skin and sucking blood. In food they take only liquids. In the case of the consumption of solid food, they must first perform a procedure for dissolving it in their own saliva.

The period of life of a room fly depends on the temperature regime of its habitat. In an optimal environment, with a temperature that fluctuates around twenty-four degrees Celsius, it can survive for up to twenty days. By way of reproduction, houseflies are egg-laying. At one time, one individual is able to put up to one hundred and twenty eggs. The cycle of transformation is complete.

Mosquitoes

Otherwise they are also called blood-sucking mosquitoes. They refer to a group of long-haired. They feed on most of the juice and nectar of plants. In many, the oral apparatus is also designed to pierce the skin and suck blood. Each of these types of food is a very important source of energy for a given insect.

The body of mosquitoes is thin, up to fourteen centimeters long. They also have long limbs and narrow, almost transparent wings. Their body color is gray, yellowish or brown. There is a kind of mosquito with belly green or black.

The elongated abdomen is divided into ten segments. A special feature of the structure of mosquitoes is that the breast is somewhat wider than the abdomen. At the tips of their paws, they have a pair of claws. Wings of mosquitoes are scaly, and antennas are articulate. The type of the oral apparatus is piercing-sucking.

A distinctive feature of the female is a long proboscis with piercing setae. Each insect of this species has a tubular lower lip. It is behind her that the oral apparatus is hiding. Also on this lip are several jaws, allowing the mosquito to penetrate the hole in the skin. After the eruption, he immerses the proboscis through which the blood sucks. In their development, all mosquitoes undergo a complete life cycle from the egg to the adult.

Sweetbones

The Diptera occupies an important place in the family of Diptera. Biologists consider them to be suborder of short-eared. In appearance, they are like flies, only larger. They have a fleshy trunk with sharp and hard piercing-cutting stilettos. Antennae of the hind legs protrude forward and consist of four segments. Their eyes are huge and colorful. The mouthpiece includes jaws, jaws, the upper lip and the nasopharynx and the lower lip with sweeping lobes.

Like most Diptera, the horns are oviparous. At the egg stage, they have a long form and gray, black or brown color. Turning into larvae, they become lighter and become fusiform. The pupae of the flies are very similar to the butterfly pupae. The main distribution medium are grazing places.

The female imago of this insect usually feeds on the blood of warm-blooded animals. Male individuals prefer plant nectar. At one time the female is capable of laying down to one thousand eggs. The main part of life is carried out in the airspace, flying over various terrain and objects.

Gadflies

In fact, the gadflies are all the same flies. They are of average size. Their larvae lead a parasitic life on mammals. There are cases when they are found in a person in the form of a miase. Gadflies undergo a complete transformation before becoming an imago. These two-winged insects spend on the passage of a complete cycle of transformation in the subcutaneous space of the animal for about one year.

An important feature of adults is the lack of nutritional requirements. The fact is that they, being a larva, accumulate the necessary amount of nutrients, the expenditure of which occurs at the adult stage. Usually the adult lives from three to twenty days. During its existence, it loses up to a third of its weight.

Pairing of gadflies occurs annually in the same places. After the male impregnates the female, she immediately goes in search of a suitable animal for laying eggs. Most preferably for them, the area of the soft abdominal wall, the groin and the anterior part of the animal's thigh. There are gastric, hypodermic and luminal gadflies. The most vulnerable are horses, goats, sheep, donkeys and cattle.

Butterflies

Butterflies, or diptera butterflies, belong to the suborder of long-nosed. In fact, these are small mosquitoes, having a size of one to four millimeters. In appearance, they are very similar to miniature and neat butterflies. In total there are almost three thousand species. There are butterflies in all corners of the globe. Their main diversity is seen in the CIS countries. Larvae of butterflies prefer to dwell in decaying plant remains. Some of them prefer the aquatic environment.

The head of an adult butterfly woman is adorned with antennae and two eyes. Its small wings are about two millimeters in length. The whole body together with the wings has a light hairy covering. Butterflies are characterized by steel or silver color. They use their wings very rarely. The main way to travel is to move with the help of gusts of wind.

Total adult specimen of this two-winged insect lives two or three weeks. In the course of her life she usually does not eat at all. To attract a male for mating butterflies are able to allocate a special attracting secret. It is worth noting that such a secret is able to distinguish and spider-bolada. This property allows him to attract male butterflies, which are often bogged down in his web.

At the same time, the butterfly can lay one hundred eggs at a time. And only two days later a larva hatches from each egg. Butterfly larvae have a very important positive feature - they are able to eat mucous formations in the inner part of sewage pipes. So they clean them. In the apartments, adult butterflies fall through the cracks in the floor, holes in the drain pipes, plugged plums and risers. Apartments with high humidity for them the most comfortable.