OHP - what is it and what are its features?

Sometimes, when a child has problems with speech, doctors make the following diagnosis: OHR. What is it and how it manifests itself, why do children suffer from this ailment, we will consider in detail in this material. Also, you will find out what activities you need to attend in the presence of this diagnosis, how you can correct the speech of the kids.

OHP: what is it?

This abbreviation means general underdevelopment of speech. This disease, which is characterized by symptoms such as the unformed function of sounds released by the child, and the meaning that he wants to convey with their help. In addition, he noted the pathology of lexico-grammatical and phonemic processes, the baby can not coordinate words, pronounce certain letters, etc.

However, the peculiarities of children with OHP are not just speech defects, which are to some extent typical for many at preschool age, but also deep types of pathology that, if not dealt with, can lead to more serious violations - dyslexia and dysgraphia, in which The child will not be able to master the technique of writing.

Also, the disease should be distinguished from such a phenomenon as phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment. OHP itself often manifests itself against the background of such syndromes as:

• Alalia (complete or practical absence of speech);
• Rhinolalia (problems with articulation and voice formation);
• Dysarthria (broken pronunciation);
• Aphasia (when the already formed speech function disappears).

The causes of the emergence of OHP

The speech therapist, as a rule, when examined, can reveal the cause that triggered such a phenomenon in a child. Many of them refer to the period of pregnancy in the mother, in particular:

• Severe toxicosis;
• Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy;
• Use of harmful drugs;
• Incompatibility of blood groups of mother and child;
• Trauma in childbirth or pathology;
• Diseases of the central nervous system in a baby at an early age.

Among other reasons that cause speech disorders, there are poor conditions of child upbringing, as well as frequent infectious diseases, including stomatitis.

The most severe form, which requires special attention and treatment, is OHR acquired in the uterine period or in the first year of life. Control is very important here. Do not forget that the normal development of speech of children with OHP is impossible without regular sessions with a speech therapist and surveys.

How to identify the disease?

A lot of parents, whose children do not start talking at one age or another, when their peers are talking about things, are sounding the alarm. Sometimes it is completely unfounded, because if there are no pathologies, the child will speak sooner or later. And here is how to determine the presence of the OGR? What it is and how it looks in practice, let's check:

• If the child's speech is incomprehensible to adults and it is difficult to disassemble, and this is not an age-related phenomenon;
• When you see that he understands you well, but can not say anything in return;
• The rudiments of speech begin to form from 4-5 years;
• If in conversation the baby can not coordinate the elementary forms of cases with each other (for example, a good girl, five daughters, a beautiful sun).

For any of the above manifestations, immediately lead the child to a speech therapist, and also, if necessary, to a defectologist and a psychoneurologist. The doctor must examine it and determine if there are OHR and other signs of delay in the development of speech.

Classification of the disease

So, depending on the clinical manifestations of the child, he or she can be assigned a particular group of OUN. There are three in total:

• Uncomplicated (there is a minimum of dysfunctions, there is a small regulation of muscle tone, immaturity of emotions and will is noted, etc.);
• Complicated (in the presence of neurological and psychopathic disorders, is expressed, for example, by convulsions, cerebral palsy and other syndromes);
• Gross violation (organic types of damage to the part of the brain responsible for speech, in particular, in alalia).

Also, the levels of the disease are differentiated depending on the ability of the child to say:

• First (when children do not speak at all);
• Second (speech is, but extremely poor, there is agrammatism - a violation of the use of case forms, the dictionary is meager not by age);
• The third (phrases can be developed, but there are problems in the sound and semantic respect);
• The fourth (a number of gaps in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar in colloquial speech).

About each of the levels of this disease we will tell in more detail.

On the background of what can be the general underdevelopment of speech in the child?

Characteristic of the ONR is that it often occurs on the background of the following diseases:

• Rhesus-conflict;
• asphyxia;
• Intrauterine hypoxia;
• Craniocerebral trauma.

The speech of the children with the OHR is different from the usual ones, some of them begin to pronounce their first words not earlier than three years, while the norm is a year or two. They say less than their peers, slowly and wrongly.

Very often, such violations can significantly affect the development of other mental processes: memory, the process of learning new, etc. There is also motor dysfunction or impaired coordination of movements. The child practically does not talk, walks a little, does not care what he should at his age: toys, books, does not ask parents questions, does not long for communication with peers, motor skills also suffer greatly.

OHP and its consequences can be not only the result of certain pathologies in the mother during pregnancy or during childbirth. Often, the cause of the disease is a social factor, when parents pay little attention to the child and do not talk with him. The less you communicate with the baby, the later he begins to say: this truth is known to many.

Features of the flow of heavy forms of OHP

The levels of the disease differ from each other depending on the degree of speech loss. There are four in all, the first and the second being the heaviest.

The first level is characterized by a complete absence of coherent speech, regardless of the age of the child. He uses for communication something similar to babbling, as well as pieces of sounds, the meaning of which is missing. Vocabulary rarely includes at least a few meaningful words, more it is onomatopoeia and complexes.

Speak at least one meaningful word to a child with this diagnosis is extremely difficult, since the phonemic process is only at the initial stage (akin to infants up to two years old).

But at the second level, the speech of children with OHR is more meaningful, although it is far from ideal. At least, they can produce not only babbling, but also some simple sound constructions up to three words.

As a rule, children do not know for this form of OHP that they are singular and plural, constantly confuse them, can not name one or another subject, do not know the coordinating part of the language and do not incline words when necessary. As a rule, the vast majority of kids at a similar age does not have any problems with this.

There is a distortion of sounds, their replacement, so that even an adult can not understand what he is talking about, and the child simply is not able to analyze his conversational process.

Work with children with severe speech damage

For development, special classes are organized with children from the ONR of the first two levels.

They are called upon to solve such tasks as:

• Formation of attention to speech;
• The development of pronunciation of syllables;
• The ability to distinguish and reproduce sounds;
• Promotion of phonemic perception;
• The ability to produce elementary speech form words;
• Expansion of the vocabulary of the child;
• Assimilation of the simplest grammatical units.

Also, depending on the age and degree of the disease, one or another technique is typical for classes. OHP is treated by performing such exercises as:

• The generation of sounds and their automation;
• Practical development of the syllabic structure of words;
• The ability to understand the construction of speech at the level of vocabulary and grammar and much more.

Loss of speech at level 3

At this level there is already a more coherent speech of children with OHP, and others can at least understand what they mean.

For this form of illness is characterized by the use of simple monosyllabic sentences, but more difficult grammatical constructions can already be built with great difficulty. In particular, the child is extremely difficult to learn the pronunciation of participial and adverbial movements, to assimilate the logical and cause-effect relations of objects in communication with other people.

At a given level of OHP, he can be able to use practically all parts of speech during a conversation and mainly correctly pronounce the names of things and phenomena around him. The key in the reserve are nouns and verbs, but adjectives with adverbs can be used extremely rarely. There are errors in prepositions, conjunctions, coordination, incorrect accents are made in words.

The easiest form of the disease

The fourth level is the easiest, however preschoolers with OHR even to such a degree are still heavier than other children mastering the preparation for learning. They lag far behind their peers in terms of speech development.

In the global plan, there are no serious violations with this form, moreover, the child's vocabulary is relatively large. But he does not know and does not understand what synonyms, antonyms are, can not remember any aphorism and is not able to catch their essence, even if it's a long explanation. Similarly, the situation may be with the perception of riddles, because logical thinking is severely affected.

A characteristic feature is a leap to secondary details in a story about something and omission of key moments of action, frequent repetitions of what was already mentioned earlier. That is why classes with children with OHR of this type should be conducted regularly and include such techniques as text retelling and other ways of forming descriptive thinking and the ability to voice the conceived.

Diagnosis of a speech therapist

In most cases, the speech therapist and other doctors prescribe an examination of the OHR, which includes a general diagnosis of the speech of the child and each of the physiological processes involved in its formation.

The preliminary stage of this study consists of talking with parents about the specifics of the course of pregnancy and childbirth, as well as the social conditions of the child's upbringing: how often they talk to him, what vocabulary they use in communication, and much more.

Then a diagnostic examination of speech is made and it is specified how the components of the speech system are formed in the current case. To do this, the degree of connectedness of the conversation is first studied by asking them to describe the picture in their own words or to name the objects.

Further, the structure of the speech apparatus is examined and correlated with the motor skills, measures are taken to diagnose the auditory memory, as well as other mental processes in the child.

After all, a conclusion is made from the doctor-speech therapist, which indicates the level of OHP and the attendant factors, if they are present. Inspection will allow to calm down those parents who took a delay in speech development for this disease , which is characterized only by slow rates of formation of conversational skills of the child, and there are no violations at that.

Corrective measures

For therapeutic purposes, an event is being carried out, such as the correction of the OHR. What this is and how it is carried out, we will present below.

At the first level, the emphasis is on developing an understanding of the treatment of the child and the activation of independent pronunciation. It is not a question of correctness from the phonetic point of view, but grammar is given a certain value in order to correctly memorize the structure of words.

If children have 2 levels of OHR, the correction includes the formation of the ability to build phrases and distinguish between lexical constructions, the audio pronunciation is refined, and there is a desire to avoid the use of unnecessary symbols in a particular word.

On the third, the connectivity of speech develops and the phonemic perception of the conversation improves. Children are preparing for the correct mastering of grammar.

But with the simplest form of OHR - at the fourth level - correctional measures are aimed at ensuring that the conversational abilities correspond to the norm of age, practicing the skills of writing letters and words, as well as the basics of reading.

At the first two levels of the disease, children of school age can not be trained on an equal basis with their peers and require special attention. For this, there are educational institutions for special categories of students, where teachers pay close attention to the fact that existing problems have been overcome over time. With the third level of the OHR, you can study in an ordinary school, but in special correctional classes, and at the fourth such a child can freely go to the first class on a par with peers, but regularly attend classes with a speech therapist.

Visual modeling as a method of treatment of OHP in children of senior preschool age: indications for use

Doctors-speech therapists after carrying out diagnostic measures for children with OHR of the third and fourth forms note basically the presence of the following manifestations:

• Connected sentences are very brief;
• Inconsistency of statements;
• Fragments of the text may not have a logical and causal relationship between each other;
• A small informative base.

Also, children often talk with pleasure in the colors about how they spent the summer or visited the amusement park, but they can not write an essay on this topic. And not because they are little aware of something, but because of the lack of possibility to design memories into related grammatically correctly composed constructions.

That is why speech therapists often use visual modeling as a method of improving speech skills in the ONR. Thanks to him, children can learn to perceive these or other abstract concepts as visual images, because, according to many experts of their industry, at an early age, visual material is absorbed much faster than the verbal.

The concept of visual modeling

Visual modeling is the material reproduction of the properties of an object, which includes the following stages:

• Analysis of the abstract concept;
• Translating it into the language of signs;
• Work with modeling.

In speech therapy, this method is used as a way to learn new words, as well as to learn new environmental phenomena for young children. This is especially important for those children suffering from the ONP who were deprived of communication from their parents and paid little attention to them in terms of developing the perception of the world.

For older preschool age, with the goal of replenishing the vocabulary and improving speech functions, tasks are offered such as retelling the text, creating your own story on the picture, describing a particular action.

The experience of specialists has shown that with ONR studies with the use of visual modeling allow in many cases to significantly adjust the vocabulary and bring the communication skills to normal for their age.

When you do not need to sound an alarm?

It is only natural that parents' fears are far from always justified. For example, if you have a child who can speak only single words in two years, and the neighbor's kid is already tormenting others with questions about the arrangement of the world, then it is quite possible that after only a couple of months the situation will change dramatically, and you have no reason to worry anymore. will be.

However, for confidence it is better to visit a doctor and conduct appropriate diagnostic measures to find out whether such a delay is normal in your case or not.

Similarly, it is impossible to accept for the OUN the inability of a child to pronounce a certain letter, most often it concerns "p". Such a defect, of course, can not be ignored, it must be treated with a speech therapist. Otherwise, he can remain for life. However, non-verbalization of one letter does not entail global verbal violations.

As you can see, OGR in most cases is cured and adjusted if the parents of the child in time draw attention to the ailment and seriously approach this issue. Also, the key to normal development is the course of pregnancy, during which the expectant mother should lead a healthy lifestyle and not be exposed to all sorts of risks.