Models of social policy

In our time in different countries of the world there are different models of social policy. In today's Russia, much more needs to be done to become a social state not in words but in deed, as it is written in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The very first system of social protection of the population is the policy of social insurance, created in the 19th century by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , which envisaged the introduction of special programs for different social groups. Such a system was considered corporate conservative, as it was oriented toward social differences. Citizens' rights depended on their social status.

In the current European countries there are three models Social Policies that can be called conservative, American-British and Social-Democratic.

In the first model, the state is only responsible for issuing social benefits. Such models are held in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium. In West Germany, in 1946, the so-called "social market economy" was introduced, the idea of which was to create conditions for the self-realization of citizens in the economy. Social insurance funds are financed by the employer and employee and are divided by type of activity. In such a model Social Policy principle of insurance meant the right to receive services to those who made contributions to the funds.

Another model, which is called British or American-British, is a system that allows the government to give citizens only a subsistence minimum.

Benefits are paid to everyone who is at the subsistence minimum. This is targeted social assistance to the poorest segments of the population. This model of social policy of the state is held in England, the United States of America, Australia.

And, finally, another model was implemented in the Kingdom of Sweden. This social-democratic model is also called Scandinavian, as it functions in several Nordic countries - Norway, Finland and Denmark. In the Scandinavian model, the degree of redistribution of incomes and expenses is significantly higher in comparison with the previous two models. Representatives of different social groups have the same rights regarding social security. In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Social Democrats created a system that was based on ensuring a living wage that was common to all. In this model Social Politicians, a significant portion of the costs are borne by the state, which is mainly responsible for the social support of the population of their country. A significant role in social policy (culture, health, education) is given to municipalities. The main goals of social policy are the developers of "Swedish socialism" called 100% employment and income leveling. Achievement of these goals is carried out through the redistribution of income, through tax policy,

For Russia, probably, the Scandinavian variant would be most interesting, since in our country the experience of social partnership is relatively small, and the trade unions are still rather weak. The social-democratic variant of the social state would allow for a compromise between the state, labor and capital. An early introduction to the taxation system of the progressive scale, as in the Scandinavian model, would facilitate the realization of greater social justice in Russia. Such a paternalistic model of social policy would be of interest to most Russians. However, it will hardly be possible to come to a policy of social responsibility in Russia until the neoliberal attitudes are directed towards social solidarity and public partnership.