History of Russia: stages of civil war

In this article we will look at the stages of the civil war, and you can learn the reasons and results from the others.

Civil war in Russia took place at the beginning of the 20th century between various social groups headed by the Bolsheviks and their opponents. The goal of both parties is to seize state power. There is still no consensus on the date of the outbreak of war in Russia. Some historians refer it to October 1917, and others - to the spring-summer of 18 years.

Stages of civil war in Russia:

1. The first stage of the civil war began in May-November 18 with the formation of centers of movement against the Bolsheviks. In February in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) and Moscow the forces of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Cadets and Mensheviks created the Union of the Renaissance of Russia. In March, the Union for the Protection of Freedom and the Motherland appeared under the leadership of B. V. Savinkov. The anti-Bolshevik movement spread among the Cossacks. In the Southern Urals, he was headed by AI Dutov, and in the Kuban and Don - gene. PN Krasnov. In the North Caucasus, the Volunteer Army is being formed under the leadership of LG Kornilov and MV Alekseev, which later became the basis of the White movement. With the support of Germany in Ukraine, the regime of gene. Krasnov.

Since May 1918, Russia has pursued a policy of so-called "war communism". In September, the policy of "Red Terror" and "White Terror" began to operate in the country.

In March of the same year, troops of France, the United States and England landed in Murmansk, Japanese troops in Vladivostok, Germany occupied the territory of Ukraine, the Crimea and part of the North Caucasus. In May, in the Urals, in the Volga region and Siberia, an anti-Soviet speech by the Czechoslovak forces began, which consisted mainly of former prisoners of war. The result of this uprising was the overthrow of Soviet power in the territory of Siberia and the Urals and the subsequent formation of new power from the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Cadets.

July 17 was shot without trial and investigation of the royal family.

In the autumn of 18, the Czechoslovak troops reached the Volga River. Under the command of Vatsetis (July 19 - Kamenev), an Eastern Front was formed against them, which was able to defeat the Czechs, to capture Samara, Kazan and Simbirsk. The first stage ended with the restoration of the power of the Soviets in the Urals and in the Volga region.

2. Stages of civil war: the second. The centers of the insurrection are being formed all over the country, the movement against the Bolsheviks has reached its climax.

November 1918 - A. V. Kolchak overthrows the Directory and establishes a military dictatorship. He declares himself "the supreme ruler of all Russia." Then Denikin unites in the North Caucasus and the Kuban Volunteer and Don Army in VSYUR, which in July 1919 already numbered more than 160 000 people. This army, led by Denikin in March 19, captures the Donbas. In the north of the country, with the help of the Entente under the leadership of General EK Miller, an army is being formed, NN Yudenich is preparing a campaign for Petrograd, and Petlyura unites supporters for her independence in Ukraine. The plans of these leaders were a blow to the Soviet authorities, which they could not implement because of rivalry and disagreements.

At the second stage, too, the scale of the intervention is expanding, the troops of other countries are being withdrawn from the territory of Russia. In April-August 19, the troops of the United States, Britain, Germany and France were withdrawn.

3. Stages of civil war: the third (March 1919 -1920 gg.). This is the time of decisive battles, during which it became clear that the victory in the struggle for power was won by the Bolsheviks.

In November 18 the offensive began under the leadership of Kolchak. December 25, his troops occupy Perm, and on the 31st of the same month their offensive was stopped. In March 19 Kolchak's army begins an offensive to the Volga, it occupies Ufa, approaches Samara and Simbirsk. In April 19 the troops of the Eastern front stop him, and in summer they are thrown into Siberia. Dissatisfied with this policy, partisans organize an uprising. In the beginning of 20 Kolchak was shot.

In May 19, under the command of Yudenich, an offensive began on Petrograd, which the Red Army stops. In October, Yudenich's troops were pushed back to Estonia and disarmed there.

In July 1919, Ukraine seized Denikin and began an offensive against Moscow. His army by September captures the Eagle, Kursk and Voronezh. In early 1920, Denikin's army was defeated, and the Bolshevik power in the south of the country was restored.

4. The final stage of the civil war (held in 1920 - 1922 gg.).

In April 1920, Wrangel is elected "ruler of the south of all of Russia." He forms the "Russian army", with which he begins an offensive to the Donbas. In October Wrangel's troops were defeated and pushed back to the Crimea. The defeat of Wrangel marked the end of the war, although there remained pockets of resistance on the outskirts of Russia.

The loss of Russia in the stages of the civil war is enormous. The population decreased by 12,000,000 people, and the amount of economic damage amounted to more than 50 billion rubles.