Genres of Russian folk songs. Folk songs: chastushki, lullabies, ceremonial

The variety of genres of Russian folk songs reflects the multifaceted world of the soul of a Russian person. In it - daring and lyricism, humor and heroics. In the Russian song is the history of our people.

Genres of Russian folk songs

The song and the word were born, probably at the same time. Gradually, with the development of his emotional and spiritual world, a person realized the beauty of objects and phenomena around him and wanted to express it with colors, sounds, word. The melody was born from the soul. She fascinated, merged with the singing of birds, the murmur of water. The magical voice of the mother calmed the child with a monotonous tender song, a cheerful melody lit the fire inside, awakened the joy of unrestrained fun, the lyrical song treated the troubled soul, gave peace.

The genres of Russian folk songs reflect the multifaceted nature of the soul of our people. People always sang songs, glorified heroes in them, described historical events, told about the beauty of their native land, about feelings, troubles and joys. Not every person could fold a song, sing it. But talented people have always been enough in Russia. Therefore, so many folk songs have come to us from the depths of centuries. Sometimes the melody was born before the verse, but more often the meaning of the song, its text dictated the character, the mood, the tempo, the timbre coloring of the music.

Song - the basis of folklore

A folk song is a song composed by a people's unknown author, which is transmitted orally, modified, perfected, overgrown with new melodic and textual phrases. In each province the same song was sung in its own way, in a special dialect. Its nature depended on what was said about it. So, the songs were comic, funny, sad, lyrical, serious. They touched the soul more than a long, detailed story about the event. Songs were both consolation and joy.

So, the poet Ivan Surikov wrote: "As someone in the world breathes, lives, so is the song he sings."

Genres of Russian folk songs are diverse. They sing about everything that excites a person. The song depicts the life and lifestyle of a Russian person, customs and traditions. Heroes of the folk song are ordinary people, glorious defenders of the Motherland. Human life was closely connected with the natural cycle of the grain grower, with family church rites.

Ritual - calendar songs

Even in pre-Christian times, pagan calendar holidays were accompanied by songs in which farmers addressed the forces of nature, asked them to give them good weather and a plentiful harvest. These were the proclamations, the glorification of the gods of the sun, wind, rain. Rituals of worship were accompanied by ritual songs, dances, gifts of gifts. The days of the winter and summer equinox, the beginning of spring and harvest - the main landmark events in the life of the farmer. They were accompanied by folk songs.

Pagan rituals gradually lost their magical significance and passed into the past, and the traditions associated with them adapted to the Christian holidays and continued to live. The calendar cycle began with a holiday of Christmas, Christmas, New Year. They coincided with the winter solstice on the pagan calendar and were accompanied by songs according to the day and the rite. For example, the rite of caroling consisted in glorifying the generous owners, wishing them health, adding to the family, harvesting and all the benefits important to the villager. During this rite, carols were sung, generous, volobic songs. Russian composers used folk songs in operas, instrumental works. So, recorded in the Saratov province "Caleda - Maleda", was used in the opera "The Snow Maiden" Rimsky-Korsakov in the scene of the Maslenitsa wires. During the Holy Week, girls and women wondered about the events of the next year, accompanying fortune-telling with camel songs. Winter was seen off noisily, cheerfully, rejoicing in the rapid warmth. The Shrovetide week preceded the Great Post. Seeing Maslenitsa turned into a game with games. The meeting of spring - Larks, celebrated the arrival of the first birds. Mistresses baked gingerbread in the form of larks and gave them to children and guests. In the song "Oy, waders-zvoronushki", calls for spring spring recite.

The summer holidays of Ivan Kupala, the mermaid week, carry echoes of pagan rituals connected with witchcraft and spies. In the bathing night, a rite of purification from disease and defilement was performed, jumping over the fire. Bezuderzhnye for fun and fun, similar to ritual pagan, dancing, accompanied by bathing songs. Important in the village was a harvest festival. Peasants in folk songs thanked the forces of nature for abundant gifts, rejoiced at the end of the heavy work. The songs of this period are called obzhinochnye. Merry fairs after the harvest rustled with ditties and dances.

Calendar ritual songs - the closest to the pagan, the most ancient. Their language is full of epithets and comparisons, symbols and metaphors. The melodies of these songs are simple and even primitive. They are like casting, praising and pleading. The uneven rhythm is close to the dialect, and not to the music.

Family Ritual Songs

Rodinnye, christening songs sang to the child and parents on "a tooth". They wished for health and happiness to the baby. Family holidays were significant and joyful milestones in the life of the Russian people. They celebrated the birth, seeing off in the army, a wedding, and even a triune. Each event was accompanied by a certain melodic accompaniment. In the genres of Russian folk songs, ritual songs have a special status. According to legends, they wore magical meaning.

Wedding songs were very diverse. The wedding was a complex stage-by-stage ritual of matchmaking, a lookout, a hen party and the wedding party itself.

Dressing the bride in the crown (braid weaving) has traditionally passed under the bride's lament and the singing of sad songs, which talked about the lost girl's freedom and relocation into another's family.

The wedding feast was preceded by the ransom of the bride from the parental home. Girlfriends were singing merry comic songs and ditties, podnachivali friends of the groom. To the wedding of the young were shown off under the congratulatory majestic songs ("In the upper room, in the light"). In them, the perpetrators of the celebrations were compared to the white swan and the swan, to the prince and princess. The wedding feast was fun, noisy, with dances and ditties. The second day was celebrated in the house of my mother-in-law and father-in-law. My mother-in-law took my son-in-law, treated me with pancakes. On the third day, the wedding was "extinguished". The holiday was over.

Not only happy events happened in Russian families. After all, rites were observed not only on holidays. After all, they are, in fact, certain magical rituals, designed to protect, protect from harm, damage, etc. For example, when a young man went to work, he was led out of the house with his back to face the house. Then, it was believed he would return from the war or from the army alive and well. At the same time, prayers and special lamentations were read.

The weeping and lamentations also accompanied the funerals of relatives. In them the deceased was mentioned as the most worthy person, by which the living are grieved and grieved. His best qualities were listed, even if there were none. There were even special singers - mourners who were invited to accompany the funeral.

Family ritual songs are distinguished by touching, sincerity, profound meaning. They contain the whole life, the experience of a person.

Lullabies

Numerous genres of Russian folk songs. Lullaby in them occupy a special place. They are family, but they are not ceremonial. These songs are the most gentle, affectionate and simple. Mother's voice is the first thread connecting the baby with the world. In the lullaby, the mother determines his place, narrates about the world in which he came. Monotonous calming motifs of lullabies were passed from generation to generation, being a family property. The first songs of the mother acquainted the little one with the surrounding objects and images. They opened to him a great world, they served as a kind of protection, a guard for him. It was believed that the lullabies drove away the impure force from the baby.

Lyrical songs

In the genres of Russian folk songs the lyrical enter a large group. They are connected with the emotional experiences of a person and have a bright emotional color. They sound themes of a heavy female share, soldier's life, bondage. Lyrical songs can be divided into national and social. The first are songs about separation from the Motherland, about unhappy love, hard peasant life. Nature in the songs was animated. Her images were compared to human types. Fine mountain ash or white birch personified gentle female girlish images. A powerful lonely oak is a hero, a support, a strong man. Often in the songs there is a red sun as a symbol of warmth, hope, joy. The dark night, on the contrary, carries with it doubts, fears, emotional experiences. The dying ray is compared with a woman dying from an unbearable job. Wind, oak, blue-sea - each image of nature carries its hidden meaning, allegorically narrates about experiences.

The second group - yamschitskie, recruiting, robber songs. They mention other themes and images. Yamshchitsky songs draw dull fields, endless dusty roads and a lonely bell. On the tragic fate of lone cabbies, about dangerous roads, these endless lingering songs are sung. Robber songs are sung dashingly, widely, extensively. The people did not always hate robbers, dashing people. After all, Stenka Razin and Emelyan Pugachev were supported by robberies. Yes, and they robbed, mostly merchants and landlords, without touching the poor people. Therefore, songs composed about them, they tell not so much about robbery, but about heroic deeds. They narrate about the history of the people, about strong brave people. All that the soul yearned for poured out in a lyrical song with a wide chanting melody. Slow lingering motifs of lyrical songs grew in many-voiced chants. They sang during the feast, in chorus and solo.

On the verge of lyrical and dance songs are round dances. Smooth current brings them together with lyrical songs. But they are sung with the movement. Perhaps, this is the most significant in terms of breadth of subjects and images of a layer of folk songs.

Labor Songs

Exploring the genres of Russian folk songs, labor songs can not be ignored. It was easier to argue with a difficult matter, she asked the rhythm of the work. The famous "Dubinushka" is an example of a labor song. Zapev spoke of the hard life of the working people, and the refrain helped the concerted actions of the entire artel. Burlatsky lyamochnye songs had a measured rhythm ("Hey, uhnem!"). Labor songs along with ritual among all genres of Russian folk songs are the oldest, they served to facilitate the labor process. To encourage workers, many songs had humorous humorous content.

Chastushka, chant

The most democratic, popular and tenacious genre of Russian folk songs are Russian chastushki. They combined all the wit, the talent of the people, the accuracy of the Russian word, the conciseness of the melodic accompaniment. A short, well-defined quatrain shot like an arrow into the very essence of the meaning, a fervent rhythmic melody, repeated many times, made you pay attention to the verse, the content of the chastushka. She was singing with dancing. It was often performed solo, and the right of execution passed in a circle among the singers. Sometimes competitions were organized, who will last longer in a circle, performing chastushki, who knows more.

The Russian chastushka was called in different ways: chanting, suffering, sbirushka, zavleksha, taratorka, etc. By type of addition, the following types are distinguished: suffering - slow drumming on love topics, dancing - funny endless comic songs ("Semyonovna").

Russian chastushki ridiculed social and human vices, expressed the true mood and opinion of the people on political and public issues.

They were not politicized, but, on the contrary, expressed skepticism about many "excesses" in public life.

The genres of Russian folk song reflect the life of the people, its mentality and spiritual essence as a mirror. The whole life of a common man from birth to death was reflected in the folk song. Heavy peasant share, the disenfranchised existence of a woman, a soldier's lifetime burden, hard labor - everything in the songs has a place. But the strength of the spirit of the Russian people is manifested in the raucous dance, robber songs, sharp chastushki. The tenderness of a hardened soul was reflected in lyrical and lullabies. Carefully, with love, amateurs and connoisseurs of folk music are collecting these pearls of people's talent, because now even in the remote provinces of Russia unrecorded folk songs heard from grandmothers and grandfathers are sung.