Emperors of Russia: chronology. All the emperors of Russia in order

The great emperors of Russia showed themselves alpha and omega, as well as the prosperity of their people. As God is the ruler of the universe, so they were the lords of their lands. And it was subject to them a lot. The very first representative of this title was Peter the Great. And, probably, knowingly the history of the Russian Empire begins with this great personality.

The future Great Emperor

Peter was born in Moscow in 1672, on the ninth of June. It was the fourteenth child of Alexei Mikhailovich and his second wife Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. After the death of the Tsar, Peter inherited a country that was quite undeveloped compared to the culturally prosperous European countries. While the Renaissance and the Reformation embraced Europe, Russia rejected Westernization and remained isolated from modernization.

Peter the Great - the first emperor of Russia, who became famous for his numerous reforms and attempts to make his state a great power. He created a strong fleet, reorganized the army according to Western standards. He introduced new administrative and territorial units of the country, he initiated a number of changes that affected all spheres of Russian life.

Radical changes and general development

The first emperor of Russia paid special attention to the development of science. He hired several foreign experts to teach his people all sorts of technological achievements. He focused on the development of trade and industry, modernized the Russian alphabet, introduced the Julian calendar, and also created the first Russian newspaper.

Peter Alekseevich was a visionary and skilful diplomat who abolished archaic forms of government and created the Government Senate. It was the supreme body of state power that regulated all branches of the administration, as well as decisions and innovative achievements in Russia's foreign policy.

New Territories

Under the reign of Peter the Great, the state acquired numerous territories, such as Estonia, Latvia and Finland. After the battles with Turkey, he gained access to the Black Sea. And in one thousand seventy-twelfth year, Peter Alekseevich moved the capital to a new city on the Neva-Petersburg, which he also founded and which soon became a "window to Europe."

In accordance with Peter's rules and changes, Russia has become a great European power. And in 1721 he proclaimed her an empire, accordingly, Peter Alekseevich himself was given the title of emperor of the All-Russian, Great Father of the Fatherland.

Peter was twice married and had eleven children, many of whom died in infancy. The eldest son of his first marriage, Alexei, was convicted of treason and secretly executed in 1718. Pyotr Alekseevich died on February 8, 1725, without nominating an heir.

Another Peter Alekseevich

Naturally, the Russian state was ruled not only by the emperors of Russia, chronology indicates the presence of four empresses. One of them was Catherine the Great. She sat on the throne after Peter the Great. And then the grandson of Peter the Great came to power. He was born on the twelfth of October, 1715. His mother passed away ten days after his birth. And three years later his father followed after my mother.

In 1727, Menshikov called on Catherine the First to sign a will in favor of Peter. And when the empress died, Peter II continued the list of emperors of Russia.

Actual Board of the Supreme Council

Menshikov settled the boy in his house and began to monitor all his actions. Little Peter was a living, intelligent, skilful and obstinate child and very much like his great-grandfather. Despite this similarity, he, unlike Peter the Great, did not want to learn.

Being too young, Peter the Second could not rule the empire and almost did not participate in the activities of the Privy Council. This quickly led to a violation of the state system, since officials feared Peter's unmotivated actions and did not want to take responsibility for any important decisions.

On November 30, one thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine, Peter II was engaged to an eighteen-year-old beauty, Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova. But the following year on the sixth of January he caught a cold during a military review and fell ill with smallpox. He died on the nineteenth of January, 1730.

After the death of Peter the Second, a woman again sits on the throne - Anna Ioannovna. And the subsequent emperors of Russia - the chronology shows the ten-year term of her rule - are waiting for their place in the history of the state.

Emperor-infant or power struggle

Ivan the Sixth was born in Petersburg on the twelfth of August, 1740. He was the son of Prince Anton Braunschweig-Wolfenbuttel and Anna Leopoldovna. Twelve days before his death, the empress announced a two-month-old Ivan his heir. And Ernst Johann Biron was to serve as a regent to the boy until he reached the age of seventeen.

But Ivan's mother in 1740 overthrew Biron and the regent declared herself. And a year later she was overthrown by Elizaveta Petrovna, supported by grenadiers and officers of the Preobrazhensky regiment. The daughter of Peter the Great Anna with the whole family and baby emperor was arrested and imprisoned in a fortress near Riga. Then the Emperor Ivan the Sixth was transferred to Kholmogory. There the empty house of the bishop was transformed into a prison. There the boy lived for the next twelve years, not seeing anyone but his jailer.

The mysterious prisoner or death of the next emperor

A difficult fate was in many representatives of the royal family, who were supposed to take their place on the throne. And, perhaps, this was one of the reasons why some emperors of Russia (the chronology indicates their names) voluntarily refused authority in favor of one of their relatives.

But what happened next with the matured Ivan Six? Rumors of his imprisonment in Kholmogory are spreading more and more, and the reigning Elizabeth Petrovna takes him to the Shlisselburg Fortress, where he was placed in solitary confinement. The identity of the prisoner was kept in deep secrecy. Even the jailers did not know who they were guarding. Ivan was kept in terrible conditions. The only source of light for him were candles.

The guards reported that the young man's mental abilities had been violated, Ivan had lost his memory and had no idea who he was. His stammering was so strong that it became almost impossible to understand what the prisoner was talking about, nevertheless Ivan the Sixth remembered his real name.

The overthrown emperor was dangerous to the German princess who seized the Russian throne, and she ordered to guard it very carefully, and in case of an attempt to free the prisoner - to kill him. And shortly thereafter, on the night of the fourth to the fifth of July, 1764, the lieutenant of the Smolensk Infantry Regiment Vasily Mirovich, at the head of the rebellious soldiers, tried to save Ivan, and the prisoner was immediately executed. So the list of emperors of Russia replenished with one more name. The unhappy Ivan the Sixth, who never managed to take his rightful place.

Grandson of two emperors of Russia and Sweden

All the emperors of Russia, in order of inheritance or through palace coups occupying the throne, are somehow indicated in historical archives. And we can not fail to mention here Peter III, who ruled Russia for only six months. He was born on the twenty-first of February in one thousand seven hundred and twenty-eighth year in northern Germany. It was the only son of Anna Petrovna and Carl Friedrich. The grandson of two emperors - Peter the Great and Charles Twelfth.

The boy showed interest in art, loved military parades and dreamed that he would someday become a world famous warrior. At the age of fourteen, he was brought to Russia to his aunt, the reigning Elizabeth. On the twenty-first of August, 1745, Peter married the princess of Anhalt-Zerbskaya, who adopted the name Catherine. The political marriage organized by Peter's aunt was a disaster from the very beginning.

The Emperor, who hated the Russian state and its people

Catherine was a woman of incredible intelligence, and Peter remained a child in the body of an adult male. They had one son - Pavel, the future emperor, and daughter Anna, who died as a child. All the emperors of Russia, who in order occupy the throne and govern the state, mainly tried to bring the maximum benefit to the country. But Peter the Third became an exception. He hated Russia. He did not care about the Russian people, and could not tolerate the Orthodox Churches.

After Peter the Third took his place on the throne, he abolished his aunt's foreign policy, led Russia out of the Seven Years' War, and this step was viewed by contemporaries as a betrayal of the Russian victims of the war. But at the same time, experts who are interested in the history of the emperors of Russia, suggest that perhaps this decision of Peter III was part of a pragmatic plan of influence of the Russian state to the west.

Reforms or merits before the state

Nevertheless, Peter the Third during the reign organized a series of internal reforms, which today seem very democratic. Proclaimed freedom of religion, abolished the secret police, prohibited the murder of serfs by their owners. And also created the first state bank.

The reign of many emperors in Russia ended in a tragic death. Also happened and Peter the Third. There are many assumptions about his death, but in fact he was the victim of the conspiracy of his own wife Catherine, who dreamed of getting rid of him in order to occupy the throne. On June 28, 1762, Peter was arrested and was soon killed.

The tyrannical rule of Paul

Some names of the emperors of Russia can not be mentioned with special gratitude or pride. For example, Paul the First, who ruled the country for five tyrannical years, before he was killed. He was born in St. Petersburg in 1754. His parents are the future Emperor Peter the Third and Catherine II. Mother did not consider him as the future ruler and sent to live in an estate in Gatchina. And in the place of the future emperor, Catherine was preparing his son Alexander.

But after the death of the Empress Paul seized the throne, and his first decree was to establish the right of the birthright to the throne, and not the choice of a successor by the emperor himself. Believing that Russia needs an absolute monarchy, he began to curtail the power and privileges of the nobility. To prevent the ideals of the French Revolution from spreading in the country, he outlaws foreign books and travels outside the state.

Numerous changes in Paul's domestic and foreign policy, combined with his despotic attitude and fits of rage, have led to rumors spreading about his mental imbalance. And on March 23rd, 1801, Pavel the Third was killed. And the throne was joined by his son Alexander.

Pupil of Catherine's grandmother

Alexander was born in St. Petersburg on the twelfth day of December 1777. He was brought up by Catherine the Great, who completely disliked her son Pavel and did not think that he was capable of governing the country. She saw the future emperor as a grandson. He was well versed in European culture, history and politics and was brought up in the free-thinking spirit of the Empress's court.

But the hatred between Pavel and Catherine forced him to play two different roles. With his grandmother, he adhered to the principles of human rights and civil liberty, enjoyed opera and philosophy. And next to his father was strict military discipline and endless training. Soon Alexander turned into a natural chameleon, became secretive and easily changed his views according to circumstances.

In 1801, at the age of twenty-three, Alexander was crowned. The handsome and charming emperor was extremely popular. True to the ideals of his liberal school, he embarked on a series of social reforms. Torture was banned, and the new law allowed peasants to redeem themselves from serfdom. Administrative, financial and educational changes followed.

Triumph of the Great Monarch

During the reign of the emperors of Russia, there were many different wars and battles. But one of the most important, even called the Patriotic War, was the war with Napoleon. For Alexander, it was a divine mission, something more than just a war between the two countries. It was a battle between good and evil. And when Alexander after the victory drove at the head of his troops in Paris, he turned into one of the most powerful monarchs. It was the triumph of his reign.

In the last years of his rule, the emperor becomes especially obsessed with God and Christianity. And when he died on November nineteenth, 1825, many rumors began circulating that the tsar secretly renounced the throne and became a monk. What emperors of Russia really were and what great minds visited their thoughts, even history does not know.

Childhood and reign of Nicholas

Nicholas I was the ninth child of Pavel the First and Maria Feodorovna. He was born on June twenty-one in 1796. As a child, he was rude and naughty. Education first from a Scottish nanny, and then - General Gustav Lambsdorff. Not possessing a wide and inquisitive mind, Nikolai did not like to learn. The young prince revived only when the lessons were coming to an end and he was allowed to wear military uniforms and participate in military games.

Nicholas was not brought up as a future emperor and already at the beginning of his reign came across an event that shocked him. This is the Decembrist uprising. Five leaders were executed and about one hundred and twenty were exiled to Siberia. Realizing the need for reform, the tsar nevertheless feared that the changes would shake the foundations of the empire, which he had to pass on to the descendants. There were other obstacles to reform - these are the closest relatives of the emperor, whose views had a huge impact on his actions.

The slogans of Nicholas were Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality. His reign marked the flowering of an absolute monarchy in Russia. He died on the eighteenth of February one thousand eight hundred and fifty-fifth year from pneumonia. And, finally, the last emperors of Russia. Chronology marks their years of government. They were Alexander II and Alexander the Third, and also Nikolay the Second. This concludes the history of Russian emperors.

The reign of his son Nicholas

Alexander II, the eldest son of Nicholas I, was born on the seventeenth day of April 1818. He received a remarkable education. He knew several languages, learned military art, finance and diplomacy. From an early age I traveled a lot.

Becoming emperor, Alexander issued a law on the emancipation of peasants. Serfs have now received a more dignified life. And since they became free citizens, it was necessary to reform the entire local management system. During the reign of Alexander, the judicial system was reformed, all social classes became equal before the law. The pressure on censorship was weakened, and people began to have more freedom of speech.

Despite numerous reforms to improve the life of the Russian people, Alexander the Second became a target for revolutionaries. A member of a terrorist group killed the emperor in 1881.

Impersonation of the Russian bear

Alexander the Third was born on the twenty-sixth of February, one in 1845. Strong, formidable, desperate patriot, he became the embodiment of the legendary Russian bear. He came to power at a critical moment for the empire. One half of the society was dissatisfied with the slow pace of reforms, the second was afraid of change. The economy has not yet recovered from the war with Turkey. The wide spread of the terror unleashed by the revolutionaries led to the formation of a counterrevolutionary group of monarchists.

The Emperor did not like foreigners and pursued a policy of Russification. This led to outbursts of Russian nationalism and Jewish pogroms. He firmly adhered to the principle of "Russia for the Russians" and strengthened the authority of the administration. Alexander Aleksandrovich Romanov died of jade in 1894. And the last emperor of Russia, Nikolai II, came to power.

The tragic ending of the imperial family

Interesting fact! Of the three different structural formations are the royal titles. The emperor of Russia also has its own form, one of which is complete. And this title of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II consisted of one hundred and thirteen words.

Nikolay II was born in 1868. In 1894, Nicholas became the emperor. Despite his deep education, he felt that he was not ready for the responsibility that was imposed on him. And many contemporaries note that he looked confused and confused.

For most of his reign, he followed his father's policies. He was stubborn and very slowly recognized the need for change in connection with the events of 1901. Despite the fact that his powers were limited, the last emperor of Russia tried to act as if he were still an autocrat. Nikolai wanted to go back to the past and restore the power of his ancestors.

After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the position of the imperial family became very difficult, and a year later, early in the morning of July 17, Nikolay II, his wife and children were shot. Thus ended the rule of the emperors in Russia, and in the history of the country began another benchmark.