Electricians in the house with their own hands: schemes. Electricians in the apartment and the house with their own hands

In the article, we will talk about how an electrician is made in the house with his own hands, the wiring diagrams will also be considered. If a couple of decades ago, on the electrical networks of cities and even villages, the loads were insignificant, but today the picture is reversed. A lot of high-power household appliances - washing machines, multivarks, split-systems and so on.

The load on electrical networks has increased many times. And if the city has some stock, then there is no such thing in the wiring of a private house, therefore, an increase in the load leads to the fact that the wires can not stand and begin to deteriorate. Therefore, the question is that the electrician in the apartment and the house with their own hands should not only be repaired, but also completely changed.

Previously, they did wiring in homes according to the simplest scheme - a switch and a socket for each room, and in modern conditions this is too little - I want three chargers to include, and a laptop, and a TV, and so on. To make wiring in the house yourself, it is necessary to know certain rules and standards that should be followed during installation. Also, you will learn how the wiring diagram is done, how to dilute it with your own hands and the requirements for it.

Regulations

Building materials and all activities of builders are regulated by certain rules and requirements, they are called GOST and SNiP. To the electrical wiring in the houses and structures, the Rules of the Electrical Installation Device (hereinafter referred to as the "Electrical Installations") are also applied. It is this regulatory document that prescribes all requirements for electrical equipment, thoroughly indicating what to do with it and how. All electricians in the apartment and the house with their own hands are connected to the voltage only after all the checks for a short circuit have been carried out.

Requirements for wiring in private houses and apartments

In the event that you decide to make your own electrical wiring in your home, you need to carefully study all the requirements for it. But the main attention should be paid to the following points:

1. The main components of electrical wiring (distribution boxes, switches, sockets, counters) must be made easily accessible. It is quite simple to mount the wiring in the house with your own hands. Electricity, however, is demanding from the security point of view. But all the norms can be easily observed.
2. Switches on the PUE must be performed at a level of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor surface. And you need to pay attention to the fact that when opening the doors they should not create an obstacle. For example, if the door opens to the right, then the switch must be placed on the left. And if the door opens to the left, then the switch is mounted to the right. The cable must be routed to the switch from above.
3. Sockets are mounted at a level of 0.5-0.8 meters from the floor surface. The fact is that at this level it is necessary to dispose of it for safety reasons when the house is flooded. And from a gas or electric stove, heating radiators, pipes (and other items having grounding), a distance of at least 0.5 m should be maintained. All the sockets of the wire go from bottom to top. This is how the installation of electrical wiring in the apartment with their own hands. The wiring diagrams are given in the article.
4. For every 6 sq. Km. There must be one outlet in the room. The exception is the kitchen, in which there are installed as many outlets as necessary (based on the number of household appliances available in it). In the toilet it is forbidden to install the sockets, but in the bathroom it is allowed, only on the condition that there is a decoupling via a transformer (220 V is applied to the primary winding, and the same amount is removed from the secondary). The transformer is installed outside the bathroom.
5. Before starting work, you need to make a plan for wiring, clearly indicate its location in the walls. Note that all wires must be placed either horizontally or vertically - but not diagonally or across a polyline. So it should not be done wiring in the house with your own hands. The connection diagram of all devices must take this feature into account.
6. From overlaps, pipes and other obstacles should be a certain distance. For example, from beams you need to maintain a distance of 5-10 cm, from the cornices - as much. From the ceiling you need to withstand about 15 cm, from the floor - 15-20 cm. If it is a question of vertical surfaces, then from door and window openings at least 10 cm should be. But between the gas pipe and the wiring you need to withstand a distance of more than 0.4 m.
7. External or buried wiring must not touch the metal parts of any structures.
8. In the event that several wires run in parallel, the distance must be maintained between them more than three millimeters. An alternative is to hide each wire in a protective box or corrugation. So an electrician is installed in the house with his own hands. Schemes should be drawn up taking this into account.
9. Connect and separate wires in special distribution boxes. All connection points must be carefully insulated, and one must always take into account one feature - it is forbidden to connect copper and aluminum wires. If you make a wiring from a copper wire, then make it all from it, no sections of aluminum should be.
10. Grounding (zero wire including) must be fixed to all devices using bolted connections.

Such requirements are demanded by the entire electrician. With their own hands, connections can be made only if all these rules and norms are taken into account.

Design of electrical wiring in the house

First of all, you need to create a wiring project, that's where everything starts from. From it will be repelled in the future when mounting. Of course, it will be much better if it is done by experienced technicians who have been engaged in this business for many years. But if you have the experience, dare.

But keep in mind that your safety depends on how the project is made. You need to know what symbols are used when drawing up schemes and projects. It should be noted that Russian standards are quite different from European or American standards, so do not use foreign schemes in our country. Designed all the electricians in the house with their own hands (the diagrams are given in the article) at the initial stage.

Draw a plan of a house or apartment, mark on it places where sockets, switches, chandeliers will be installed, etc. The number of electrical appliances was told a little lower. At this stage, the main goal is to create a diagram, which will identify all the places of installation of devices. The second part - to outline the location of laying wires around the apartment. Of course, you need to know where the home appliances will be located.

Wiring

Then wiring all the wires. And if the creation of a scheme with the location of consumers is a simple matter, at this stage of the work it is worth more detailing. You can use three types of connections and wiring:

1. Consistent.
2. Parallel.
3. Mixed.

The third one is the most attractive from the point of view of material saving.

The electrician in the house is made by own hands (schemes of the mixed type) with the greatest possible efficiency. To facilitate your work, ungroup:

1. Lighting corridors, living quarters, kitchen.
2. Bathroom and toilet (lighting).
3. Sockets in living rooms, corridors.
4. Sockets in the kitchen.
5. Electric socket outlet (if necessary).

Please note that this is the simplest version of the grouping of electricity consumers. The fewer groups, the fewer materials will be spent. The above example is the simplest and most economical. It is possible to complicate: literally to each outlet, for example, to bring electrical wiring. On how to conduct an electrician in a private house with your own hands, you begin to realize a little.

To simplify the installation of wiring, it can be mounted under the floor (for sockets). In the case of overhead lighting, installation in floor slabs can be carried out. Ideal for a "lazy" way - there is no need to shroud walls and ceiling. And on the plan-diagram this type of posting should be marked with dotted lines.

Calculation of current consumption

It is necessary to take into account the current that will flow through the network. For this there is a simple formula: the current strength is the ratio of the total power of all consumers to the voltage (we can say that this is a constant, since the voltage standard in our country is 220 volts). Let's say you have the following consumers:

1. Electric kettle with a capacity of 2000 watts.
2. A dozen incandescent lamps, each 60 watts (total 600 watts).
3. A microwave oven with a power of 1000 watts.
4. Refrigerator capacity of 400 watts.

The voltage in the network is 220 V, the total power is 2000 + 600 + 1000 + 400, that is 4000 W. Dividing this value by the voltage in the network, we get 16.5 A. But if you look at the practical data, in apartments and houses the maximum current consumption is rarely reached when it reaches 25 Amperes.

For this parameter, you must select all materials for installation. In particular, the cross section of the wires depends on the strength of the current . Pay attention to the fact that you must always take a stock of 25%. In other words, if you calculated the current consumption of 16 A, you can not install a fuse with the same value of the pickup current. You need to select a standard value greater than the estimated value.

Wire grades for use in homes

Now about how to install an electrician in the house. The cable (the rules of the PUE regulate all its parameters) must be selected based on current characteristics. It is desirable that in the house or apartment the wiring is made of such materials:

1. Wire brand ВВГ-5Х6. This wire consists of five cores, each has a section of 6 square meters. Mm. It is widely used for homes with a three-phase network to connect the lighting panel to the main one.
2. VVG-2X6 has two cores of 6 sq. M. Cross section. Mm. It is widely used for single-phase houses to connect the lighting panel and the main one.
3. Wire brand ВВГ-3Х2.5 has three cores, each section of 2.5 square meters. Mm. It is used for connecting lighting panels with junction boxes. Also from the boxes to the outlets.
4. The brand ВВГ-3Х1,5 has three cores, each section has 1.5 square meters. Mm. It is used for connecting switches and lighting lamps.
5. The grade of the VVG-3X4 wire is three-core, the cross-section of each conductor is 4 sq. M. Mm. It is used for connecting electric cookers.

Counting the number of materials

Now you consider, from what components (including small ones) there is a wiring in the house. With your own hands the project, wiring, installation, is carried out quickly enough. True, you will have to try pretty hard to calculate the number of wires as accurately as possible. For this, according to the plan, go through the apartment with a tape measure. After measuring, add on top of four meters - the stock will not be superfluous.

At the entrance to the house is put an illumination board, all the wires from the house come up to it. It installs automatic circuit breakers. Please note that the machines must have a maximum operating current of 16 or 20 amperes. Electric tiles must be connected via a separate circuit breaker. At a power of up to 7 kW, a 32 A automatic machine is used, while a larger one is used for 63 A.

After you count the number of distribution boxes and outlets, there is nothing complicated in this matter, it is done according to the scheme compiled earlier. In the future, you will need different "little things", for example, insulation tape, tips, tubes, cable channels, boxes, thermal insulation, and others. Now it is worthwhile to talk about what tools are used to install the wiring in the house with their own hands. The scheme is considered in some detail.

Tools for work

When carrying out always follow the safety rules. In order not to get confused, it's better to do it yourself, if you have a partner, then the help should be minimal - bring it, bring it, do not bother. You will need the following tool:

1. The multimeter.
2. Punch.
3. Bulgarian.
4. Screwdriver.
5. Pliers.
6. Nippers.
7. Flat and flat screwdrivers.
8. Level.

If you are repairing an old apartment and changing the wiring in parallel, all cables must be pulled out so that they do not interfere. For this work, a special sensor for electrical wiring is useful.

Layout of wires arrangement

On the wall, put labels on which to lay the wires. Pay attention to whether the rules correspond to the position of the wires. Once you have identified the location of the electrical cables, you can designate sockets, boxes, flaps and switches. Please note that in new apartments for the installation of the flap there is a niche. And in old houses the shields are simply attached to the wall.

Wall shrouding

First of all, install a special nozzle on the perforator and drill holes for the installation of distribution boxes, switches and sockets. To lay the wires, it is necessary to make grooves in the walls. They are made with the help of a grinder or a perforator. Whatever way you choose, dirt and dust will be enough. The groove should have a depth of 2 cm. As for the width, it should be enough to lay all the wires. As you understand, the wiring of the wiring with your own hands is a simple matter, it is more difficult to do the installation from the physical point of view.

A separate story with a ceiling. If you plan to make a hinged, then all the wires are simply installed on the floor. This is the easiest way. A bit harder is to make a shallow strob. And one more - hide in the ceiling. For example, in panel houses such overlaps are used, in which there are internal voids. Therefore, two holes are enough to lay the wires. And the last thing is punching holes in the corners of rooms in order to lead the wires to the central shield. After proceeding to install the wiring closed (you will have to shroud the walls) or open methods.

Conclusion

The most important thing in installing electrical wiring in homes and apartments is to adhere to all norms and rules in accordance with GOST, SNiPu, and PUE. So you not only can achieve maximum efficiency from wiring, but also reliability, durability, and most importantly - safety. And try to use only high-quality materials for installation. For example, it is desirable to use copper wires - they have a much longer service life (better conductivity, less heat).