An emigrant is a refugee, a traitor to the Motherland or just a victim of circumstances?

Years are flying, planets continue their movement, even continents are in constant displacement. All this happens due to various kinds of physical laws and occurs by itself. What can not be said about such a phenomenon in the life of mankind and individual countries, like emigration.

An emigrant is who?

Before you start to learn all the nuances, you need to understand the definition. So what is emigration and who are these emigrants? These are citizens who, on their own will, move from one country to another. Emigration, in contrast to the phenomena described above, is not due to the laws of nature. She, like her fellow immigration (not to be confused with these two concepts, they are absolutely opposite in meaning), arises for many other reasons, such as political repression, wars, low social and economic life standards, natural and man-made disasters, family reunion , Interethnic and interconfessional conflicts, and so on.

Do not also confuse such people with migrants (those who change their place of residence in the territory of the same state). An emigrant is a person who moves not within the country, as in the above-described case, but crossing the state border, in other words, traveling beyond it.

Some terminology

A number of other words are also associated with the term of emigration, the meanings of which will make it possible to delve deeper into the essence of this process. You can start from the branch of science, thanks to which we have knowledge on the development or deterioration of the phenomenon we are considering. It's about migration.

According to her, the term emigrant (it's leaving the country) is a kind of antonym, a definition of the opposite meaning: an immigrant. This person, on the contrary, is entering the country. That is, a person chooses a certain state as his new permanent place of residence.

Also, re-emigration is strongly associated with the notion of emigration, which means the return of the "prodigal son" (emigrant) to the country from which he moved. Factors contributing to this phenomenon are most often the improvement of political, social, economic or, for example, environmental situation. Everything is fine, the crisis has passed, why not return to our homeland?

One of the important processes that have much in common with emigration, and to be more precise, which is one of its categories, is repatriation - this is an arrival in a country that may not be the birthplace of man, but was once such for his ancestors.

Political emigrants

One of the main reasons for emigration is primarily political aspects. The number of such emigrants is not so great, but to make a person forced to leave his native country, it is necessary to try hard, is not it? The definition of "political emigrant" is attributed to a person who was forced to leave his country due to religious, racial, political, caste oppression and persecution, as well as nationalistic extremist ideas, etc.

The most famous political emigrants, forced to leave their country at different times, are:

• A. V. Litvinenko is a former KGB officer of the USSR, later the FSB of Russia, who criticized the Russian state regime and directly V. Putin's policy. Received political asylum in the UK.
• BA Berezovsky is a Russian state and political figure, an entrepreneur who has emigrated to the United Kingdom as a result of instituting numerous criminal cases on charges of fraud, attempts to seize power, laundering money, where he became a political refugee.
• E. Snowden is a former American official of the CIA, as well as the US National Security Agency, who received temporary political asylum in Russia in connection with the charges of embezzlement of state property, as well as in espionage.

Moving recently

Along with all sorts of migrants there is also a subtype, such as transitional emigrants - these are citizens who leave their native lands and move to a permanent place of residence in neighboring states. Two best-known groups of such persons can be identified on the examples, which can now be often heard in the news. Leading positions are taken by the transitional emigrants of the United States - people who migrate to the States from the countries of North and Central America, as well as (in connection with the current situation) refugees from the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, who immediately move to Russia. The reasons for them are different. If the former migrate due to the extremely low financial situation, numerous groups of Ukrainians tend to enter the territory of the Russian Federation because of the outbreak of armed conflict.

Intellectual Emigration

Under the intellectual emigration (in other words, brain drain) is meant the departure of people with higher education, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees, to other countries. Such departure is explained by various reasons, which can be characterized by the following examples: very little prestige of the status of a scientist in the country; Inadequate material and technical base, which blocks opportunities for discoveries; Various political aspects; Scant financial support, as well as low wages, etc. Emigration, like the very concept of an emigrant, is by no means the best indicator of any state. Its level demonstrates, literally, the outflow of people from the country, which means the absence of a suitable habitat for them. The most emigrated intellectuals are developing countries, for example, former European colonies located in East and South Asia, as well as in Africa. The term "brain drain" is also, unfortunately, applicable to a number of former socialist countries located within Eastern Europe.

Russian emigration

Departure from the territory of both the former Soviet state and modern Russia also had and still exists, and, unlike other states, this process can be divided into four streams (waves). The first was observed during and after the Civil War in Russia. Some of the most famous emigrants of this period were such outstanding figures of science and art as VK Zvorykin, FI Shalyapin, NO Lossky, NA Berdyaev, and others. The second wave occurred during the Second World War. The third stream of emigrants refers to the times of the "cold war", that is, 50-90 years. The fourth wave occurred during the collapse of the USSR. It was associated with differences in political views, as well as a temporary deterioration in the social and economic standard of living. At the present stage, there is still a problem of outflow of the indigenous population, especially outstanding scientists, as well as graduates of higher educational institutions.